نص موضوع الثاني
Counterfeit Money
Ever since money came into use in the ancient world, there has been counterfeiting. Early money was in the form of coins with a specific ******* of gold, silver, or other ****l. Making counterfeit coins was relatively easy. A ****l of equal weight could be gold- or silver-plated and passed on to the public as genuine.
In the 20th century most money of large value is made of paper. Coins are rarely made from precious ****ls such as gold, silver, or copper if they are intended to be used in commerce. Thus most modern coins have no value other than economic. This means that, though they are useful for purchases, their value even in commerce is so low that it is hardly worth making counterfeits. Gold coins such as the Krugerrand of South Africa and the Maple Leaf of Canada are not used in exchange. They are not really money, but rather they are purchased as investments in gold.
Counterfeiting paper currency is a highly technical skill that calls for a talented draftsman, photographer, platemaker, and printer. Also necessary for the counterfeit money to be convincing are high-quality rag paper and the proper kind of ink.
With such technological advances as high-speed cameras, engraving machines, and ultrasensitive lithographic presses, the time needed to produce counterfeit money has been shortened and the quality of the work much improved. To combat these problems the United States government has attempted to make detection of fraud easier by the use of very high-quality rag paper consisting of cotton and linen and tiny blue and red silk fibers, the exact composition of which is secret. Even the green pigment and ink are made solely for the Bureau of Engraving. Other nations also use special paper and inks. In much foreign currency a distinctive watermark can be seen by holding the money up to the light.
Another item often counterfeited in the United States is the Internal Revenue tax stamp usually stuck onto bottles of alcoholic beverages. State cigarette tax stamps are also frequently counterfeited.
Counterfeiting is a criminal offense in nearly every country. A convention signed by many nations in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1929 provided for the centralization and cooperation of international police action to combat counterfeiting.
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2014-06-02, 17:12
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