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What the Olympic Games are
The Olympic Games are the world's most important international athletic competition in summer and winter held every four years. The Olympics bring together thousands of the finest athletes to compete against one another in a variety of individual and team sports.
Ancient Olympic Games originated in Greece and were held from 776 B.C. to A.D. 393. The modern Olympic Games began in 1896 when organizers revived them to encourage world peace and friendship and to promote healthy sporting competition for the youth of the world.
History of the Olympics
According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles a son of Zeus. Yet the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE. At this Olympic Games, a naked runner, Coroebus won the sole event at the Olympics, the stade - a run of approximately 192 meters . This made Coroebus the first Olympic champion in history.
The ancient Olympic Games grew and continued to be played every four years for nearly 1200 years. In 393 CE, the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, abolished the Games because of their pagan influences.
Approximately 1500 years later, a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. He was only seven years old when . After examining the education of the German, British, and American children, Coubertin decided that it was sports that made a well-rounded person.
In 1890, he organized and founded a sports organization. Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games.
Though Coubertin was not the first to propose the revival of the Olympic Games, he was certainly the most well-connected and persistent of those to do so. Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting with 79 delegates who represented nine countries. At this meeting, Coubertin eloquently spoke of the revival of the Olympic Games when he aroused interest.
The delegates at the conference voted unanimously for the Olympic Games an they decided to construct an international committee to organize the Games. This committee became the International Olympic Committee. Then, the planning was begun.
Olympic Symbols:
Olympic Rings:
In 1913, Baron Pierre de Coubertin came up with the idea for the symbol most closely associated with the Olympics: " the Olympic Rings" . Every ring stands for one of the five continents. The connection of the rings symbolizes the connection of the continents during the Games and the ideal of peace and brotherhood of the whole planet. The flag was first flown at the 1920 Olympic Games in Belgium. After each Olympics the flag is passed on to the new host city, where it is kept safe until it is flown, during the Olympics.
Olympic Torch:
Beginning in 1934, the IOC (International Olympic Committee) introduced the Olympic flame with the idea that it would enrich the games. The torch-relay, starting with the flame lighting at ancient Olympia and arriving at the hosting city, would be a strong link between the ancient Olympic sites and the modern Olympic cities. The flame symbolizes the purity which embodies the eternal youth of the Olympic philosophy. The universal symbol of the flame would lead all competitors to understand that it is necessary to work towards the lasting unity of mankind.
olympic sports:
Cities and years, which hosted the Olympic Games:
Paris 1900*: In Paris
Saint Louis 1904*: in St. Louis, Missouri
London 1908*: In London
Stockholm 1912*: In Stockholm
Antwerp 1920*: In Antwerp, Ghent and Brussels
Paris 1924*: In Paris
Amsterdam 1928*: In Amsterdam
Berlin 1936*: In Berlin
London 1948*: London, Brighton and Portsmouth
Helsinki 1952*: In Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Lahti and Kotka
Melbourne 1956*: In Melbourne
Rome 1960*: In Rome, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Pescara, L'Aquila and Naples
Tokyo 1964*: In Tokyo, Saitama, Saitama and Yokohama
Mexico City 1968*: In Mexico City, Puebla, Guadalajara and Leَn
Munich 1972*: In Munich, Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Nuremberg and Passau
Montreal 1976*: In Montreal, Sherbrooke, Toronto and Ottawa
Moscow 1980*: In Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev and Minsk
Los Angeles 1984*: In Pasadena (California), Boston (Massachusetts), Annapolis (Maryland) and Stanford (California)
Seoul 1988*: In Seoul, Daegu, Busan, Gwangju and Daejeon
Barcelona 1992*: In Barcelona, Sabadell, Zaragoza and Valencia
Atlanta 1996*: In Athens (Georgia), Orlando (Florida), Birmingham (Alabama), Miami (Florida) and Washington, D.C.
Sydney 2000*: In Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra and Melbourne
Athens 2004*: In Athens, Patras, Volos, Thessaloniki and Iraklion
Beijing 2008*: In Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qinhuangdao and Shenyang
London 2012*: In London, Glasgow, Cardiff, Coventry, Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne
Rio de Janeiro 2016*: In Rio de Janeiro, Sمo Paulo, Brasيlia, Salvador and Belo Horizonte
1/Archery at the Summer Olympics
Archery had its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics and has been contested in 13 Olympiads. Eighty three different nations have appeared in the Olympic archery competitions, with France appearing the most often at 11 times. It is governed by the International Archery Federation. Recurve archery is the only discipline of archery featured at the Olympic Games.
2/Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics
Gymnastics events have been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. For 32 years, only men were allowed to compete. Beginning at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, women were allowed to compete in artistic gymnastics events as well. Rhythmic gymnastics events were introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and trampoline events were added at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.:
Artistic gymnastics:
Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics where gymnasts perform short routines (ranging from approximately 30 to 90 seconds) on different apparatus, with less time for vaulting (see lists below). The sport is governed by the Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), which designs the Code of Points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition. Within individual countries, gymnastics is regulated by national federations, such as BAGA in Great Britain and USA Gymnastics in the United States. Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at the Summer Olympic Games, and in numerous other competitive environments.
3/Athletics at the Summer Olympics
Athletics has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. The athletics program traces its earliest roots to events used in the ancient Greek Olympics. The modern program now comprises track and field events, road running events, and racewalking events. Cross country running was also on the program in earlier editions but it was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics.
4/Badminton at the Summer Olympics
Badminton had its debut at the 1992 Summer Olympics and has been contested in 5 Olympiads. 50 different nations have appeared in the Olympic badminton competitions, with 19 appearing all 5 times. It is governed by the Badminton World Federation.
5/Baseball
Baseball's stature in the history of the United States is perhaps reflected more clearly in a simple dictionary rather than in the seven-centimetre-thick baseball encyclopaedia. [Full story]
6/Basketball at the Summer Olympics
Basketball has been a Summer Olympics sport for men consistently since 1936. Prior to its inclusion as a medal sport, it was held as demonstration event in 1904 and 1932, both in the United States. Women's basketball was played in the Olympics only since 1976.
The United States is by far the most successful nation in Olympic basketball. American men's teams won 13 of 16 tournaments they participated in, including seven successive titles from 1936 to 1968. American women's teams won 6 titles out of 8, including four in a row from 1996 to 2008.
7/beach Volleyball at the Summer Olympics
Volleyball has been contested as an indoor sport at the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced at the 1992 Games, and has been an official Olympic sport since 1996.
8/Boxing at the Summer Olympics
Boxing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since its introduction to the program at the 1904 Summer Olympics, except for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, because Swedish law banned the sport at the time. The 2008 Summer Olympics was the final games with boxing as a male only event. Beginning with the 2012 Summer Olympics, women's boxing will be included in the program.
9/Canoeing and kayaking at the Summer Olympics
Canoeing and kayaking has been featured as a competition sport in the Summer Olympic Games since the 1936 Games in Berlin although it was a demonstration sport at the 1924 Games in Paris.[1] There are two disciplines of canoeing in Olympic competition: slalom and sprint.
Two styles of boats are used in this sport, canoes with 1 or 2 canoers and kayaks with 1, 2 or 4 kayakers. This leads to the name designation of each event. For example, "C-1" is a canoe singles event and "K-2" is a kayak doubles event. Races are usually 500 metres or 1000 metres long, although there were also 10 km events from 1936 to 1956. On 13 August 2009, it was announced by the International Canoe Federation that the men's 500 m events would be replaced at the 2012 Summer Olympics by 200 m events with one of them being K-1 200 m for the women. The other events for men at 200 m will be C-1, C-2, and K-1.[2] This was confirmed at their 2009 Board of Directors meeting in Windsor, Berkshire, Great Britain on 5 December 2009.[3]
Canoe / Kayak Flatwater
A whalebone and driftwood frame, with a sea-lion skin stretched tautly over it and waterproofed with whale fat, hardly suggests a budding Olympic sport. Yet the kayaks that meant life to the Inuits in the Arctic for centuries have become the racing kayaks of the modern world -- even if the building materials have changed. [Full story]
10/Canoe/Kayak Slalom
A whalebone and driftwood frame, with a sea-lion skin stretched tautly over it and waterproofed with whale fat, hardly suggests a budding Olympic sport. Yet the kayaks that meant life to the Inuits in the Arctic for centuries have become the racing kayaks of the modern world - even if the building materials have changed. [Full story]
11/Cycling BMX
Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics.
Bicycles were first developed in 1817 and have long since been used as a form of transport. Originally, the front wheel was much larger than the rear wheel, and the rider was elevated a great deal, making them difficult to control and very dangerous. [Full story]
12/Diving at the Summer Olympics
Diving was first introduced in the official programme of the Summer Olympic Games at the 1904 Games of St. Louis and has been an Olympic sport since. It was known as "fancy diving"[1] for the acrobatic stunts performed by divers during the dive (such as somersaults and twists). This discipline of Aquatics, along with swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo, is regulated and supervised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA), the international federation (IF) for aquatic sports.
13/Equestrian
Equestrian events were included in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900 and then in 1912, in a format very similar to that which was used at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. In the past, the three-day event (Eventing) was restricted to military officers, while the jumping and dressage competitions were open to civilians, but only a handful of civilian riders competed up to 1948. [Full story]
14/Fencing at the Summer Olympics
Fencing has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. Women's foil made its Olympic debut in Paris, during the 1924 Olympic Games. There are three forms of Olympic fencing:
Foil — a light thrusting weapon; the valid target is restricted to the torso; double touches are not allowed.
ةpée — a heavy thrusting weapon; the valid target area covers the entire body; double touches are allowed.
Sabre — a light cutting and thrusting weapon; the valid target area includes almost everything above the waist (excluding the back of the head and the hands); double touches are not allowed.
15/
16/Handball at the Summer Olympics
Team handball was introduced as an Olympic sport for men at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but dropped after that, only to be resumed at the 1972 Summer Olympics, again on German territory. Women's team handball competition was introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
17/hockey at the Summer Olympics
Field hockey was introduced at the Summer Olympic Games as a men's competition at the 1908 Games in London, with six teams, including four from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hockey was removed from the Olympics at the 1924 Paris Games due to the lack of an international sporting structure. The International Hockey Federation (FIH, Fédération Internationale de Hockey) was founded in Paris that year as a response to hockey's omission. Men's hockey became a permanent feature at the next Olympic Games, the 1928 Games in Amsterdam.
For a long period of time, the South Asian countries of India and Pakistan dominated the Olympics, with either India or Pakistan winning the men's gold medal in every Olympics from 1928 to 1968. Note that in the Olympic Games before 1948, British India included Pakistan. Pakistan and India gained independence in 1947.
Since 1968, various teams from around the world have seen gold-medal success at the Olympics. However, the inclusion of AstroTurf since 1976 is noted to have probably contributed to this decline in Indian and Pakistani medals, since the countries that were once dominant on grass have failed to adapt to Astroturf play. Since 1968, several countries in the Southern Hemisphere have won various medals in men's and women's field hockey, including Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and Zimbabwe. A leading group of teams from the Northern Hemisphere has come from the Netherlands and from Germany.
The first women's Olympic hockey competition was held at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Olympic field hockey games were first played on artificial turf at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games.
18/Judo at the Summer Olympics
Judo was first included in the Summer Olympic Games at the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Japan. After not being included in 1968, judo has been an Olympic sport in each Olympiad since then. Only male judoka participated until the 1988 Summer Olympics, when women participated as a demonstration sport. Women judoka were first awarded medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
19/Modern pentathlon at the Summer Olympics
Modern pentathlon is a sports contest created especially for the Summer Olympic Games by the founder of the modern Games, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and was first contested in 1912. Coubertin was inspired by the pentathlon event in Ancient Olympic Games, which was modeled after the skills of the ideal soldier at the time. The modern pentathlon simulates the experience of a 19th century cavalry soldier behind enemy lines: he/she must ride an unfamiliar horse, fight with pistol and sword, swim, and run. Therefore, the modern pentathlon event comprises the five sport disciplines:
épée fencing
pistol shooting
200 metre freestyle swimming
show jumping on horseback
3 km cross country running
20/Rhythmic gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which individuals or teams of competitors (from 2 to 6 people) manipulate one or two pieces of apparatus: rope, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon and Free (no apparatus, so called "floor routine"). An individual athlete only manipulates 1 apparatus at a time. When multiple gymnasts are performing a routine together a maximum of two types of apparatus may be distributed through the group. An athlete can exchange apparatus with a team member at any time through the routine. Therefore, an athlete can manipulate up to two different pieces of apparatus through the duration of the routine. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The victor is the participant who earns the most points, determined by a panel of judges, for leaps, balances, pirouettes (pivots), flexibilities, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect.
The governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), changed the Code of Points in 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2008 to emphasize technical elements and reduce the subjectivity of judging. Before 2001, judging was on a scale of 10 like that of artistic gymnastics. It was changed to a 30-point scale in 2003, a 20-point scale in 2005, and in 2008 was changed back to 30. There are three values adding up to be the final points—technical, artistic, and execution. The FIG also selects which apparatus will be used in competitions; only four out of the five possible apparatuses are sanctioned. Up to 2010, the clubs were not used at the Senior level. For 2011 rope will be dropped for senior national, then in 2012 it will be dropped for junior national, and in 2013 it will be dropped in novice, and will continued to be dropped through the years descending national to provincial to interclub until eventually rope will be completely out of rhythmic gymnastics.[1] There is strong opposition to this from fans of the sport across the globe.
International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, and Grand-Prix Tournaments.
21/Rowing at the Summer Olympics
Rowing at the Summer Olympics has been part of the competition since the 1900 Summer Olympics. Rowing was on the program at the 1896 Summer Olympics but was cancelled due to bad weather. Only men were allowed to compete until the women's events were introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Lightweight rowing events (which have weight-limited crews) were introduced to the games in 1996. Qualifying for the rowing events is under the jurisdiction of the International Rowing Federation (or FISA, its French acronym). FISA predates the modern Olympics and was the first international sport federation to join the modern Olympic movement.
22/Sailing at the Summer Olympics
Sailing (also known as yachting up until 1996) has been one of the Olympic sports since the Games of the I Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Despite being scheduled in the first Olympic program, the races were canceled due to severe weather conditions. Apart from the 1904 Summer Olympics, sailing has been present in every other edition of the Olympic Games.
For scoring system used for sailing during the Olympics look at: Scoring systems for Sailing at the Summer Olympics
A directory page to all Olympic sailors is given at: List of sailors at the Summer Olympics
Information about the Sailing at specific Summer Olympics or the used equipment can be found using the table below:
23/Shooting at the Summer Olympics
Shooting sports have been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics except at the 1904 & 1928 editions.
24/Softball
There is little soft about Olympic softball. One pitch at Atlanta was clocked at 118 kilometres per hour (73.3 mph). Considering the pitcher stands 13.1 meters from the batter, and the hardest-throwing baseball pitchers throw 160 kilometers per hour from 18.4 meters, softball batters have essentially the same time to react as their baseball counterparts. [Full story]
25/Synchronized swimming at the Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimming has been contested at the Summer Olympics since the 1984 Games. The current Olympic program has competition in duet and team events, but in past games, a solo event was also contested. The United States, Canada and Japan have traditionally been the strongest nations in the sport, winning every Olympic medal from 1984 through 1996, but Russia has recently dominated, winning every event in 2000, 2004 and 2008.
26/Swimming at the Summer Olympics
Swimming has been a sport at every modern Summer Olympics. It has been open to women since 1912. Along with track & field athletics and gymnastics it is one of the most popular spectator sports at the Games and the one with the largest number of events.
27/Table tennis at the Summer Olympics
Table tennis competition has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1988, with singles and doubles events for both men and women.[1][2] Athletes from China have dominated the sport, winning a total of 41 medals in 24 events, including 20 gold medals.
28/Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics
Taekwondo made its first appearance at the Summer Olympic Games as a demonstration sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The opening ceremony featured a mass demonstration of taekwondo with hundreds of adults and children performing moves in unison. Taekwondo was again a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were no demonstration sports at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, USA.[1] Taekwondo became a full medal sport at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, and has been a sport in the Olympic games since then.
29/Tennis at the Summer Olympics
Tennis (lawn tennis) was part of the Summer Olympic Games program from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, but was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics. After two appearances as a demonstration sport, it returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics and has been played at every edition of the Games since then.
In 1896, 1900, 1904, 1988, and 1992, semifinal losers shared bronze medals. In all other years, a playoff match for the bronze medal was staged.
Starting from the 2004 Athens Olympics, results from the Olympics count towards both the ATP and WTA world rankings.
30/Trampolining
Trampolining is a competitive Olympic sport in which gymnasts perform acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. These can include simple jumps in the pike, tuck or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists.
There are three related competitive rebound sports, synchronized trampoline, tumbling (or power tumbling) and double mini-trampoline.
31/Triathlon at the Summer Olympics
Triathlon had its Summer Olympics debut at the 2000 Games, in Sydney, and has been contested since then. It is governed by the International Triathlon Union.
32/Volleyball
Prior to Sydney 2000, the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) introduced a new specialist role: the libero. This player wears a different coloured uniform from the rest of the team and can be substituted in backcourt for any player on the team. [Full story]
33/Water polo at the Summer Olympics
Water polo has been part of the Summer Olympics program since the second games, in 1900. A women's water polo tournament was introduced for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Hungary, Italy and Great Britain have dominated this sport, with the first having won more gold medals than the other two combined.
Main article: Blood In The Water match
The most famous water polo match in history is probably the 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union. As the athletes left for the games, the Hungarian revolution began, and the Soviet army crushed the uprising. The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4-0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zador's eye open.
34/Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics
Weightlifting has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the 1920 Summer Olympics, as well as twice before then. It debuted at the 1896 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Greece, and was also an event at the 1904 Games.
35/Wrestling
If the Olympic Games are a history of mankind, wrestling is the prologue. When the ancient Games of the Olympiad were born, wrestling already was an ancient game. Widely recognised as the world's oldest competitive sport, wrestling appeared in a series of Egyptian wall paintings as many as 5000 years ago. [Full story]
football:
Football is the most popular sports in the world, it was introduced as an exhibition sport and became the first team sport included in the Olympic Games In 1900 and 1904. Since 1908, the sport has been held at every Olympic Games with the exception of 1932 in Los Angeles.
Europe clearly dominated the competitions until 1992, when Spain became the last European team to win a gold medal.
Since the introduction of women's football in 1996, the USA won the gold medal in 1996 and 2004, but was beaten in the final by Norway in 2000.
Records
Men's results
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