المرشحين لجائزة نوبل للسلام

[ابتساام]

عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
الاخضر الابراهيمي
جورج غالاوي
سيفيتلانا غاناشكينا (ناشطة حقوق روسية )
مارك زوكوربوجي مؤسس الفايس بوك
من الممكن ترشيح البابا
هادو هما اللي رشحتهم انا

[boyka86]

hada wech lkite

Nobel Prize candidates
Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2, 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President of Algeria since 1999.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been married since August 1990 and has no children. His wife Amal Triki is a daughter of an ex-diplomat (Yahia Triki).
Bouteflika has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha) with whom he has no contact, four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).
His father, Ahmed Bouteflika, was born in Tlemcen, Ahmed Bouteflika was married to two women: Belkaïd Rabia and Ghezlaoui Mansouriah (the mother of the current President).
When Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on March 2, 1937 in Morocco (Oujda), he was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father, Fatima, his half-sister, preceded him.
Mordechai Vanunu

Mordechai Vanunu in the garden of St. George's Cathedral. This picture was taken two days after his April 21, 2004 release from prison
Mordechai Vanunu (Hebrew: מרדכיואנונו‎), born in Marrakech, Morocco on October 13, 1954 is an Israeli former nuclear technician who revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986. He was subsequently kidnapped in Rome by Israeli agents and smuggled to Israel, where he was tried and convicted of treason.
Mordechai Vanunu spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 years in solitary confinement. Vanunu was released from prison in 2004, subject to a broad array of restrictions on his speech and movement. Since then he has been briefly arrested several times for violations of those restrictions, including giving various interviews to foreign journalists and attempting to leave Israel. In July 2007, Vanunu was sentenced to a further six months imprisonment for speaking to foreigners and traveling to Bethlehem.
On January 7, 2008, the day before his appeal fighting the above sentence was to begin; Israel instead re-sentenced him to six months of community
In its press release of July 2, 2007, Amnesty International said "The organization considers Mordechai Vanunu to be a prisoner of conscience and calls for his immediate and unconditional release. " Vanunu has been characterized by some as a whistleblower and by others as a traitor.

Ayman Nour

Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour (Arabic: أيمن عبد العزيز نور) (born 10 October 1964) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of that country's Parliament and chairman of the El Ghad party. He became famous around the world following his January 2005 imprisonment by the government of President Hosni Mubarak, which was widely understood as a politically motivated move by the state and caused a lot of internal anger as well as foreign pressure for his release.
Arrest and imprisonment

Nour was stripped of his parliamentary immunity and arrested on January 29, 2005. He was charged with forging PAs (Powers of Attorney) to secure the formation of the el-Ghad party. Nour vehemently denied the charges (from prison).
The arrest, occurring in an election year, was widely criticized by governments around the world as a step backwards for Egyptian democracy. Few seem to regard the charges as legitimate. Nour remained active despite his imprisonment, using the opportunity to write critical articles and make his case and cause better known.
In February 2005, Condoleezza Rice abruptly postponed a visit to Egypt, reflecting U.S. displeasure at the jailing of Nour, who was reported to have been brutally interrogated. That same month, the government announced the following month that it would open elections to multiple candidates.
In March 2005, following a strong intervention in Cairo by a group of Members of the European Parliament led by Vice-President Edward McMillan-Scott (UK, Conservative), Nour was freed and began a campaign for the Egyptian presidency.
In June 2005, Rice addressed democracy in the Middle East at the American University in Cairo. She stated: “There are those who say that democracy leads to chaos, or conflict, or terror. In fact, the opposite is true. … Ladies and Gentlemen: Across the Middle East today, millions of citizens are voicing their aspirations for liberty and for democracy …demanding freedom for themselves and democracy for their countries. To these courageous men and women, I say today: All free nations will stand with you as you secure the blessings of your own liberty”
Nour was the first runner-up in the 2005 presidential election with 7% of the vote according to government figures and estimated at 13% by independent observers, although no independent observers were allowed to monitor the elections.
On December 24, 2005 he was sentenced to five years in jail. Nour is diabetic and dependent on insulin, a health issue which sent him to the hospital for the week before the verdict when he engaged in a hunger strike carried out in protest of his detention.
Nour's verdict and sentencing made global headlines and were the first item of news on most international news broadcasts, including the BBC.
On the day of Nour's guilty verdict and sentencing, the White House Press Secretary released the following statement denouncing the government's action:
"The United States is deeply troubled by the conviction today of Egyptian politician Ayman Nour by an Egyptian court. The conviction of Mr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005 presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment to democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. We are also disturbed by reports that Mr. Nour's health has seriously declined due to the hunger strike on which he has embarked in protest of the conditions of his trial and detention. The United States calls upon the Egyptian government to act under the laws of Egypt in the spirit of its professed desire for increased political openness and dialogue within Egyptian society, and out of humanitarian concern, to release Mr. Nour from detention."
In February 2006, Rice visited Hosni Mubarak yet never spoke Nour's name publicly. When asked about him at a news conference, she referred to his situation as one of Egypt's setbacks. Days later, Mubarak told a government newspaper that Rice "didn't bring up difficult issues or ask to change anything." From prison, Nour stated "I pay the price when [Rice] speaks [of me], and I pay the price when she doesn't," Nour said. "But what's happening to me now is a message to everybody."
In June 2007 President Bush, speaking at a conference of dissidents in the Czech Republic, revisited the issue of Ayman Nour, saying:
There are many dissidents who couldn't join us because they are being unjustly imprisoned or held under house arrest. I look forward to the day when a conference like this one include Alexander Kozulin of Belarus, Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, Oscar Elias Biscet of Cuba, Father Nguyen Van Ly of Vietnam, Ayman Nour of Egypt. (Applause.) The daughter of one of these political prisoners is in this room. I would like to say to her, and all the families: I thank you for your courage. I pray for your comfort and strength. And I call for the immediate and unconditional release of your loved ones. ... I have asked Secretary Rice to send a directive to every U.S. ambassador in an un-free nation: Seek out and meet with activists for democracy. Seek out those who demand human rights.

[boyka86]

[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg[/IMG]Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918)[1] served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2][3]
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father).[4] Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.[6] He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata.[6] He has Khoisan ancestry on his mother's side.[7] His patrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9]), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, served as chief of the town of Mvezo.[10] However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu. Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11] Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13][14]
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15]
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian.[11] Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.[17] At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12]
After enrolling, Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a Students' Representative Council boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme.
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg.[19] Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward. Mandela later started work as an articled clerk at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu.[20] While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz and Ruth First.[21] Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington. During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.[22]



[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg[/IMG]Yasser Arafat

Yasser Arafat (arabe : ياسر عرفات), né le 24 août 1929 dans la ville du Caire en ةgypte et mort le 11 novembre 2004 à Clamart (Hauts-de-Seine) en France, de son vrai nom Mohamed Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) et connu aussi sous son kounya Abou Ammar (ابو عمّار), est un activiste et homme d'ةtat palestinien.
Dirigeant du Fatah puis également de l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine, longtemps considéré comme un terroriste notamment par Israël en raison de son implication dans de nombreuses opérations qui ont coûté la vie à des civils et à des militaires israéliens, Yasser Arafat est resté pendant plusieurs décennies une figure controversée de l'expression par la violence des aspirations nationales palestiniennes avant d'apparaître pour Israël comme un partenaire de discussions dans le cadre du processus de paix israélo-palestinien dans les années 1990.
Yasser Arafat représente alors les Palestiniens dans les différentes négociations de paix et signe les accords d'Oslo en 1993. Il devient le premier président de la nouvelle Autorité palestinienne et reçoit le prix Nobel de la Paix 1994 en compagnie de Shimon Peres et Yitzhak Rabin.
ہ partir de 2001, après l'échec du sommet de Taba et le déclenchement de la Seconde Intifada, il perd progressivement de son crédit auprès d'une partie de son peuple qui lui reproche la corruption de son autorité. Il se retrouve isolé sur la scène internationale tandis que les Israéliens élisent Ariel Sharon au poste de Premier ministre de l'ةtat d'Israël, amenant un durcissement de la position israélienne vis-à-vis du dirigeant palestinien contraint à ne plus quitter Ramallah. Cet isolement n'est rompu qu'à la veille de sa mort, quand il est emmené d'urgence à Clamart, en région parisienne, où il décède en 2004.
Naissance

Son nom officiel est Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudua al-Husseini. Son biographe palestinien, Saïd K. Aburish, précise que « Mohammed Abdel Rahman était son prénom ; Abdel Raouf, le nom de son père ; Arafat, son grand-père ; al-Qudua est le nom de sa famille et al-Husseini est le nom du clan dont font partie les al-Qudua »[1].
Arafat se revendiquait encore comme étant le petit-neveu du célèbre grand mufti de Jérusalem Hadj Amin al-Husseini[2]. Il est en outre le cousin de Leïla Shahid[3].
Yasser Arafat est né au Caire en ةgypte, le 4 août 1929. Un biographe de Yasser Arafat, Alan Hart, rapporte que des documents découverts à l’université du Caire ont permis de conclure qu’il était bien né dans la capitale égyptienne. Sixième d’une famille de sept enfants, son père est un commerçant originaire de Gaza et sa mère est originaire de Jérusalem.
Cependant, lui-même déclarait être né à Jérusalem le 4 août 1929 ce qui est officiellement faux et authentiquement vérifié par les historiens. Selon son récit, sa mère aurait ainsi quitté le Caire durant sa grossesse suite à une dispute avec son époux, pour se rendre chez ses parents dans la ville sainte où elle aurait donné naissance à Yasser[4]. Arafat aurait insisté sur le fait qu’il serait né à Jérusalem afin de préserver son existence mythique et ainsi accroître sa crédibilité en tant que dirigeant palestinien[5].
Né au Caire, il bénéficie de l’enseignement gratuit des écoles égyptiennes[6], il y passe la plus grande partie de son enfance et de son adolescence avec ses six frères et sœurs, à vendre des falafel au souk. Après le décès de sa mère, alors qu’il a cinq ans, il passe avec son frère, Fathi Arafat — qui devient plus tard le président du Croissant-Rouge palestinien —, quatre ans à Jérusalem chez un de ses oncles maternels, Salim Abou Saoud[6], avant que son père, lorsqu’il se marie pour la deuxième fois[7], le fasse rentrer au Caire où sa sœur aînée s’occupe de lui[8].















[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg[/IMG]Dalaï-lama
The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word dalai meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ bla-ma (with a silent "b") meaning "teacher".[1] According to the current Dalai Lama, the Tibetan word "lama" corresponds precisely to the better known Sanskrit word "guru".
In religious terms, the Dalai Lama is believed by his devotees to be the rebirth of a long line of tulkus who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokiteśvara. Traditionally, the Dalai Lama is thought of as the latest reincarnation of a series of spiritual leaders who have chosen to be reborn in order to enlighten others. The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the leader of the Gelug School, but this position belongs officially to the Ganden Tripa, which is a temporary position appointed by the Dalai Lama who, in practice, exerts much influence.
For certain periods of time between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas sometimes directed the Tibetan government, which administered portions of Tibet from Lhasa. The 14th Dalai Lama remained the head of state for the Central Tibetan Administration ("Tibetan government in exile") until his retirement on March 14, 2011. He has indicated that the institution of the Dalai Lama may be abolished in the future, and also that the next Dalai Lama may be found outside Tibet and may be female. [2] The Chinese communist government was very quick to reject this and claimed that only they have the authority to select the next Dalai Lama, despite being an officially atheist nation.
In 1578 the Mongol ruler Altan Khan bestowed the title Dalai Lama on Sonam Gyatso. The title was later applied retrospectively to the two predecessors in his reincarnation line, Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso. Gendun Gyatso was also Sonam Gyatso's predecessor as abbot of Drepung monastery. However, the 14th Dalai Lama asserts that Altan Khan did not intend to bestow a title as such and that he intended only to translate the name "Sonam Gyatso" into Mongolian.
. . . many writers have mistranslated Dalai Lama as "Ocean of Wisdom". The full Mongolian title, "the wonderful Vajradhara, good splendid meritorious ocean", given by Altan Khan, is primarily a translation of the Tibetan words Sonam Gyatso (sonam is "merit").[3]
The 14th Dalai Lama commented:
The very name of each Dalai Lama from the Second Dalai Lama onwards had the word Gyatso [in it], which means "ocean" in Tibetan. Even now I am Tenzin Gyatso, so the first name is changing but the second part [the word "ocean"] became like part of each Dalai Lama's name. All of the Dalai Lamas, since the Second, have this name. So I don't really agree that the Mongols actually conferred a title. It was just a translation.[4]
Whatever the intention may have been originally, the Mongolian "Dalai", which does not have any meaning as a Tibetan term, came to be understood commonly as a title.
The name or title Dalai Lama in Mongolian may also have derived originally from the title taken by Temüjin or Genghis Khan when he was proclaimed emperor of a united Mongolia during 1206. Temüjin took the name Čingis Qāghan or "oceanic sovereign", the anglicized version of which is Genghis Khan.[5]
Tibetans address the Dalai Lama as Gyalwa Rinpoche ("Precious Victor"), Kundun ("Presence"), Yishin Norbu ("Wish fulfilling Gem") and so on.[6]
Sonam Gyatso was an abbot at the Drepung Monastery who was considered widely as one of the most eminent lamas of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to have the title "Dalai Lama" as described above, since he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "Third Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his supposed earlier incarnations.
Yonten Gyatso (1589–1616), the 4th Dalai Lama, and a non-Tibetan, was the grandson of Altan Khan.
The tulku tradition of the Dalai Lama has evolved into, and been inaugurated as, an institution:
"The institution of the Dalai Lama has become, over the centuries, a central focus of Tibetan cultural identity; "a symbolic embodiment of the Tibetan national character." Today, the Dalai Lama and the office of the Dalai Lama have become focal points in their struggle towards independence and, more urgently, cultural survival. The Dalai Lama is regarded as the principal incarnation of Chenrezig (referred to as Avalokiteshvara in India), the bodhisattva of compassion and patron deity of Tibet. In that role the Dalai Lama has chosen to use peace and compassion in his treatment of his own people and his oppressors. In this sense the Dalai Lama is the embodiment of an ideal of Tibetan values and a cornerstone of Tibetan identity and culture."[7]
Verhaegen mentions the trans-polity influence that the Institution of the Dalai Lama has had historically in areas such as western China, Mongolia, Ladakh in addition to the other Himalayan Kingdoms:
"The Dalai Lamas have also functioned as the principal spiritual guide to many Himalayan kingdoms bordering Tibet, as well as western China, Mongolia and Ladakh. The literary works of the Dalai Lamas have, over the centuries, inspired more than fifty million people in these regions. Those writings, reflecting the fusion of Buddhist philosophy embodied in Tibetan Buddhism, have become one of the world's great repositories of spiritual thought."[8]
The current Dalai Lama is often called "His Holiness" (HH) by Westerners (by analogy with the Pope), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.
Before the 20th century, European sources often referred to the Dalai Lama as the "Grand Lama". For example, in 1785 Benjamin Franklin Bache mocked George Washington by terming him the "Grand Lama of this Country".[9] Some in the West believed the Dalai Lama to be worshipped by the Tibetans as the godhead.[10]


What are the requirements for obtaining them?

The awards are granted regardless of citizenship enjoyed by the individual or the religion to which he belongs, the only requirement to be set by Nobel himself in his will when he said: Awards will be given to those who, during the past year to grant the greatest benefit of mankind. It quoted him as Nboath famous "The discovery that this will lead to peace, and while aware that armies can one destroy the other in the moments at a terrible, will stand up the way for war."

[boyka86]

[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg[/IMG]Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918)[1] served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2][3]
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father).[4] Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.[6] He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata.[6] He has Khoisan ancestry on his mother's side.[7] His patrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9]), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, served as chief of the town of Mvezo.[10] However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu. Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11] Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13][14]
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15]
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian.[11] Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.[17] At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12]
After enrolling, Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a Students' Representative Council boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme.
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg.[19] Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward. Mandela later started work as an articled clerk at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu.[20] While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz and Ruth First.[21] Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington. During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.[22]



[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg[/IMG]Yasser Arafat

Yasser Arafat (arabe : ياسر عرفات), né le 24 août 1929 dans la ville du Caire en Égypte et mort le 11 novembre 2004 à Clamart (Hauts-de-Seine) en France, de son vrai nom Mohamed Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) et connu aussi sous son kounya Abou Ammar (ابو عمّار), est un activiste et homme d'État palestinien.
Dirigeant du Fatah puis également de l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine, longtemps considéré comme un terroriste notamment par Israël en raison de son implication dans de nombreuses opérations qui ont coûté la vie à des civils et à des militaires israéliens, Yasser Arafat est resté pendant plusieurs décennies une figure controversée de l'expression par la violence des aspirations nationales palestiniennes avant d'apparaître pour Israël comme un partenaire de discussions dans le cadre du processus de paix israélo-palestinien dans les années 1990.
Yasser Arafat représente alors les Palestiniens dans les différentes négociations de paix et signe les accords d'Oslo en 1993. Il devient le premier président de la nouvelle Autorité palestinienne et reçoit le prix Nobel de la Paix 1994 en compagnie de Shimon Peres et Yitzhak Rabin.
À partir de 2001, après l'échec du sommet de Taba et le déclenchement de la Seconde Intifada, il perd progressivement de son crédit auprès d'une partie de son peuple qui lui reproche la corruption de son autorité. Il se retrouve isolé sur la scène internationale tandis que les Israéliens élisent Ariel Sharon au poste de Premier ministre de l'État d'Israël, amenant un durcissement de la position israélienne vis-à-vis du dirigeant palestinien contraint à ne plus quitter Ramallah. Cet isolement n'est rompu qu'à la veille de sa mort, quand il est emmené d'urgence à Clamart, en région parisienne, où il décède en 2004.
Naissance

Son nom officiel est Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudua al-Husseini. Son biographe palestinien, Saïd K. Aburish, précise que « Mohammed Abdel Rahman était son prénom ; Abdel Raouf, le nom de son père ; Arafat, son grand-père ; al-Qudua est le nom de sa famille et al-Husseini est le nom du clan dont font partie les al-Qudua »[1].
Arafat se revendiquait encore comme étant le petit-neveu du célèbre grand mufti de Jérusalem Hadj Amin al-Husseini[2]. Il est en outre le cousin de Leïla Shahid[3].
Yasser Arafat est né au Caire en Égypte, le 4 août 1929. Un biographe de Yasser Arafat, Alan Hart, rapporte que des documents découverts à l’université du Caire ont permis de conclure qu’il était bien né dans la capitale égyptienne. Sixième d’une famille de sept enfants, son père est un commerçant originaire de Gaza et sa mère est originaire de Jérusalem.
Cependant, lui-même déclarait être né à Jérusalem le 4 août 1929 ce qui est officiellement faux et authentiquement vérifié par les historiens. Selon son récit, sa mère aurait ainsi quitté le Caire durant sa grossesse suite à une dispute avec son époux, pour se rendre chez ses parents dans la ville sainte où elle aurait donné naissance à Yasser[4]. Arafat aurait insisté sur le fait qu’il serait né à Jérusalem afin de préserver son existence mythique et ainsi accroître sa crédibilité en tant que dirigeant palestinien[5].
Né au Caire, il bénéficie de l’enseignement gratuit des écoles égyptiennes[6], il y passe la plus grande partie de son enfance et de son adolescence avec ses six frères et sœurs, à vendre des falafel au souk. Après le décès de sa mère, alors qu’il a cinq ans, il passe avec son frère, Fathi Arafat — qui devient plus tard le président du Croissant-Rouge palestinien —, quatre ans à Jérusalem chez un de ses oncles maternels, Salim Abou Saoud[6], avant que son père, lorsqu’il se marie pour la deuxième fois[7], le fasse rentrer au Caire où sa sœur aînée s’occupe de lui[8].















[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg[/IMG]Dalaï-lama
The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word dalai meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ bla-ma (with a silent "b") meaning "teacher".[1] According to the current Dalai Lama, the Tibetan word "lama" corresponds precisely to the better known Sanskrit word "guru".
In religious terms, the Dalai Lama is believed by his devotees to be the rebirth of a long line of tulkus who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokiteśvara. Traditionally, the Dalai Lama is thought of as the latest reincarnation of a series of spiritual leaders who have chosen to be reborn in order to enlighten others. The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the leader of the Gelug School, but this position belongs officially to the Ganden Tripa, which is a temporary position appointed by the Dalai Lama who, in practice, exerts much influence.
For certain periods of time between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas sometimes directed the Tibetan government, which administered portions of Tibet from Lhasa. The 14th Dalai Lama remained the head of state for the Central Tibetan Administration ("Tibetan government in exile") until his retirement on March 14, 2011. He has indicated that the institution of the Dalai Lama may be abolished in the future, and also that the next Dalai Lama may be found outside Tibet and may be female. [2] The Chinese communist government was very quick to reject this and claimed that only they have the authority to select the next Dalai Lama, despite being an officially atheist nation.
In 1578 the Mongol ruler Altan Khan bestowed the title Dalai Lama on Sonam Gyatso. The title was later applied retrospectively to the two predecessors in his reincarnation line, Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso. Gendun Gyatso was also Sonam Gyatso's predecessor as abbot of Drepung monastery. However, the 14th Dalai Lama asserts that Altan Khan did not intend to bestow a title as such and that he intended only to translate the name "Sonam Gyatso" into Mongolian.
. . . many writers have mistranslated Dalai Lama as "Ocean of Wisdom". The full Mongolian title, "the wonderful Vajradhara, good splendid meritorious ocean", given by Altan Khan, is primarily a translation of the Tibetan words Sonam Gyatso (sonam is "merit").[3]
The 14th Dalai Lama commented:
The very name of each Dalai Lama from the Second Dalai Lama onwards had the word Gyatso [in it], which means "ocean" in Tibetan. Even now I am Tenzin Gyatso, so the first name is changing but the second part [the word "ocean"] became like part of each Dalai Lama's name. All of the Dalai Lamas, since the Second, have this name. So I don't really agree that the Mongols actually conferred a title. It was just a translation.[4]
Whatever the intention may have been originally, the Mongolian "Dalai", which does not have any meaning as a Tibetan term, came to be understood commonly as a title.
The name or title Dalai Lama in Mongolian may also have derived originally from the title taken by Temüjin or Genghis Khan when he was proclaimed emperor of a united Mongolia during 1206. Temüjin took the name Čingis Qāghan or "oceanic sovereign", the anglicized version of which is Genghis Khan.[5]
Tibetans address the Dalai Lama as Gyalwa Rinpoche ("Precious Victor"), Kundun ("Presence"), Yishin Norbu ("Wish fulfilling Gem") and so on.[6]
Sonam Gyatso was an abbot at the Drepung Monastery who was considered widely as one of the most eminent lamas of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to have the title "Dalai Lama" as described above, since he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "Third Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his supposed earlier incarnations.
Yonten Gyatso (1589–1616), the 4th Dalai Lama, and a non-Tibetan, was the grandson of Altan Khan.
The tulku tradition of the Dalai Lama has evolved into, and been inaugurated as, an institution:
"The institution of the Dalai Lama has become, over the centuries, a central focus of Tibetan cultural identity; "a symbolic embodiment of the Tibetan national character." Today, the Dalai Lama and the office of the Dalai Lama have become focal points in their struggle towards independence and, more urgently, cultural survival. The Dalai Lama is regarded as the principal incarnation of Chenrezig (referred to as Avalokiteshvara in India), the bodhisattva of compassion and patron deity of Tibet. In that role the Dalai Lama has chosen to use peace and compassion in his treatment of his own people and his oppressors. In this sense the Dalai Lama is the embodiment of an ideal of Tibetan values and a cornerstone of Tibetan identity and culture."[7]
Verhaegen mentions the trans-polity influence that the Institution of the Dalai Lama has had historically in areas such as western China, Mongolia, Ladakh in addition to the other Himalayan Kingdoms:
"The Dalai Lamas have also functioned as the principal spiritual guide to many Himalayan kingdoms bordering Tibet, as well as western China, Mongolia and Ladakh. The literary works of the Dalai Lamas have, over the centuries, inspired more than fifty million people in these regions. Those writings, reflecting the fusion of Buddhist philosophy embodied in Tibetan Buddhism, have become one of the world's great repositories of spiritual thought."[8]
The current Dalai Lama is often called "His Holiness" (HH) by Westerners (by analogy with the Pope), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.
Before the 20th century, European sources often referred to the Dalai Lama as the "Grand Lama". For example, in 1785 Benjamin Franklin Bache mocked George Washington by terming him the "Grand Lama of this Country".[9] Some in the West believed the Dalai Lama to be worshipped by the Tibetans as the godhead.[10]


What are the requirements for obtaining them?

The awards are granted regardless of citizenship enjoyed by the individual or the religion to which he belongs, the only requirement to be set by Nobel himself in his will when he said: Awards will be given to those who, during the past year to grant the greatest benefit of mankind. It quoted him as Nboath famous "The discovery that this will lead to peace, and while aware that armies can one destroy the other in the moments at a terrible, will stand up the way for war."

[boyka86]

ارجوا من السادة المحترمين
اعطوني قائمة المرشحين الذين تظنهم كفئ لنيل جائزة نوبل مع ذكر مبدا او انجاز اي شخصية

[الأمل الباسم]

من المرشحين لنيل جائزة نوبل :

* عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
* لويزة حنون
* لينة بن مهني
* إسراء عبد الفتاح
* توكل كرمان

أرجو من الله أن تأخذ يا أخي هؤلاء بعين الإعتبار ... يوجد الكثير من هم مرشحون

[imeneimene]

Nelson Mandela

Mandela in 2008
President of South Africa

In office
10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999
Deputy Thabo Mbeki
Frederik Willem de Klerk

Preceded by Frederik Willem de Klerk
As State President of South Africa

Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki

19th Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement

In office
2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999
Preceded by Andrés Pastrana Arango

Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki

Personal details
Born Rolihlahla Mandela
18 July 1918 (age 93)
Mvezo, South Africa

Nationality South African

Political party African National Congress

Spouse(s) Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–1957)
Winnie Madikizela (1957–1996)
Graça Machel (1998–present)

Children 6
Residence Houghton Estate, Johannesburg,Gauteng, South Africa

Alma mater
University of Fort Hare
University of London External System
University of South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand

Religion Methodism[citation needed]

Signature



Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918)[1]served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotageand other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2][3]
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa:father).[4] Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades, including the 1993Nobel Peace Prize.


Tributes to Nelson Mandela

The statue of Mandela in Parliament Square, London.

6 meter statue atNelson Mandela Square, Sandton, Johannesburg

Nelson Mandela Gardens in Leeds

Nelson Mandela Bridge in Johannesburg
Early life


Nelson Mandela circa 1937[5]
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in theTranskei region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.[6] He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata.[6] He has Khoisan ancestry on his mother's side.[7] Hispatrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9]), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, served as chiefof the town of Mvezo.[10] However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu. Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11]Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, thedynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13][14]
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15]
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent, Jongintaba, became hisguardian.[11] Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.[17] At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12]
After enrolling, Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in aStudents' Representative Council boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme.
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg.[19] Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward. Mandela later started work as an articled clerk at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu.[20] While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz and Ruth First.[21] Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington. During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.

Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize
On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to "the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Learn more about the Nobel Peace Prize from 1901 to 2011.

Alfred Nobel
The Man Behind the Nobel Prize
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.

[imeneimene]

THE PEACE

Peace is commonly understood as the absence of hostility, or the existence of healthy or newly-healed interpersonal or international relationships, safety in matters of social or economic welfare, the acknowledgment of equality and fairness in political relationships and, in world matters, peacetime; a state of being absent of any war or conflict. Reflection on the nature of peace is also bound up with considerations of the causes for its absence or loss. Among these potential causes are: insecurity, social injustice, economic inequality, political and religious radicalism, and acute racism and nationalism.
From the Anglo-Norman pas , and meaning "freedom from civil disorder", the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c.1300 as a translation of the biblical terms pax (from the Vulgate) and Greek eirene, which in turn were renderings of the Hebrew shalom. Shalom, cognate with the Arabic "salaam", has multiple meanings: safety, welfare, prosperity, security, fortune, friendliness. The personalized meaning is reflected in a nonviolent lifestyle, which also describes a relationship between any people characterized by respect, justice and goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's sense of himself or herself, as to be "at peace" with one's own mind attested in Europe from c.1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting a calm, serene, and meditative approach to the family or group relationships that avoids quarreling and seeks tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation.
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible
While world peace is theoretically possible, some believe that it is impossible to achieve.
The plausibility of world peace tacitly relies on the assumption of rational agents that base their decisions on future consequences, which is not self-evident
If peace is defined as the absence of hostility, violence and conflict, world peace would imply a worldwide end to violence and thus to institutions which rely on threats of violence to sustain their existence. It follows that there could be no law enforcement, because force is a form of violence. Without law enforcement, there could be no laws, except those which everyone voluntarily agrees to follow. Finally, there could be no governments of the type that rely on threats of violence to collect taxes, maintain their borders, or govern their citizens. Considered in this light, world peace goes beyond the cessation of nation-state warfare and calls for dramatic changes in most of the political institutions familiar to people worldwide.

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS OVOR THE PAST TEN YEARS
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
Switzerland "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
2000 Kim Dae Jung
South Korea
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[

2001 United Nations Kofi Annan Ghana
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
2002 Jimmy Carter United States
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[

2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran

"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency
Austria "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt
2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh
"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"
2007 Grameen Bank Bangladesh Al Gore
United States "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2008 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Switzerland
Martti Ahtisaari Finland
"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"
2009 Barack Obama United States
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."

BIOGRAPHIES ABOUT THREE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS
Yasser Arafat (24 August 1929 in Cairo–11 November 2004) was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority, and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242.
Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country. He was "revered by many Arabs," and the majority of the Palestinian people, regardless of political ideology or faction, viewed him as a freedom fighter who symbolized their national aspirations. However, he was "reviled by many Israelis" and described "in much of the West as the world's number one terrorist" for the attacks his faction led against civilians.
Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between that country and the PLO. These included the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Lolso and the 2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, including Islamists and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994, Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time, Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories.
In late 2004, after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill, fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75. While the exact cause of his death remains unknown and no autopsy was performed, his doctors spoke of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cirrhosis.

Barack Hussein Obama born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current president of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office, as well as the
first president born in Hawaii. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.
Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for United States Senate in 2004. During the campaign, several events brought him to national attention, such as his victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary election for the United States Senator from Illinois as well as his prime-time televised keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004.
He began his run for the presidency in February 2007. After a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. On October 9, 2009, Obama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize.

Shirin Ebadi (born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, human rights activist and founder of Centre for the Defence of Human Rights in Iran. On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to have received the prize.
Since receiving the nobel prize Ebadi has lectured, taught and received awards in different countries, issued statements and defended people accused of political crimes in Iran. She has traveled to and spoken to audiences in India, the United States, and other countries; released her autobiography in an English translation; participated in the Nobel Women's Initiative along with five other Nobel Laureates.
In April 2008 she told Reuters news agency that Iran's human rights record had regressed in the past two years. and agreed to defend Baha’is arrested in Iran in May 2008.
In April 2008 Ebadi released a statement saying: "Threats against my life and security and those of my family, which began some time ago, have intensified," and that the threats warned her against making speeches abroad, and defending Iran's minority Baha'i community.
In December 2008, Iranian police shut down the office of a human rights group led by her. Another human rights group, Human Rights Watch, has said it was "extremely worried" about Ebadi's safety

A LIST OF POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FROM ALGERIA
THE ALGERIAN PRESIDENT ABDELAZIZ BOUTEFLIKA
of reasons of putting an end to the Ethiopia-Eritrea bloody conflict and using his diplomatic skills in putting an end to a long war between Iraq and Iran.

His most important contribution, was bringing peace and reconciliation to the people of Algeria and through awarding him the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize the Nobel Committee would be supporting and strengthening the peace process in Algeria.
LOUIZA HANNOUN
Of reasons of protection the worker's rights in Algeria and the world by her democratic experiences and its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law .And for the interesting of women as a member of the society


HOW THEY CAN MAKE PEACE IN THE WORLD
World peace is not a utopian dream -- it is within our grasp.
Wars are caused by conflicting ideas on what is acceptable national behaviour. The urge to exert national will and protect perceived rights, however irrational, ... is a powerful emotion. Wars begin in the minds of men.
For world peace, the upper brain must be in control
World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or peoples. World peace is a Utopian idea of planetary non-violence by which nations willingly cooperate, either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance which prevents warfare. Although the term is sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals, world peace more commonly refers to a permanent end to global and regional wars with future conflicts resolved through

[HABIBA88]

المرشحون هم,,,,,

1. زين دين زيدان
2. عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
3. المحامية التونسية راضية نصراوي
4. لينا بن مهنى، المحاضرة في الجامعة،
5. وائل غنيم مدير صفحة فيسبوك "كلنا خالد سعيد"
6. إسراء عبدالفتاح
7. نادية بوزاهر من ليانة
8. اسماعيل القطاري
9. روسية مدافعة عن حقوق الإنسان، والحقوقية الأفغانية سيما سامار
10,الإبراهمي الخضر

[Algerian's light]

What is the Nobel Prize?

The Nobel Prize is the brainchild of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who was best known in his lifetime for his invention of dynamite. Upon his death in 1896, a reading of his will revealed stipulations that over 90% of his estate should be used to establish prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.

What is the Nobel Peace Prize?


The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."


Know we know what’s a nobel peace prize. So now let’s discover it’s winners but before speakin about theme we ought to not that the greatest winners indeed aren’t those heros but they are : victims of wars , displaced children, refugees ………
List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (2001-2010)

2010:The prize goes to:LIU XIAOBO for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights
in China.

2009:The prize goes to:BARACK OBAMA for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international
diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.

2008:The prize goes to:Martti Ahtisaari(carelie) for his important efforts, on several
continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international
conflicts.

2007:The prize goes to:Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold ( AL)
GORE JR.(america).
for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about
man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures
that are needed to counteract such change.

2006:The prize goes to:Muhammad Yunus(bengladesh) andGrameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

2005:The prize was awarded jointly to:International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed Elbaradei(Egypt)
for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for
military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful
purposes is used in the safest possible way.

2004:The prize was awarded to:Wangari Maathai (Kenya)
for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.

2003:The prize goes to:Shirin Ebadi (iran)for her efforts for democracy and human rights, she has focused escpecially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.

2002:The prize was awarded to:Jimmy Carter JR(america)., former President of the United States of America,
for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to
international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.

2001:The prize was awarded jointly to:United Nations, New York, NY, USA and Kofi Annan,(Ghanna) for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.

A SHORT BIOGRAPHIES ABOUT 3 OF THEME
1/Mohamed ElBaradei
Born: 17 June 1942, Cairo, Egypt
Residence at the time of the award: Egypt
Prize motivation: "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Role: Director General of IAEA
Field: Arms control and disarmament


Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei is the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an. He was appointed to the office effective 1 December 1997, and reappointed to a third term in September 2005.
Dr. ElBaradei was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1942. He gained a Bachelor's degree in Law in 1962 at the University of Cairo, and a Doctorate in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.
In October 2005, Dr. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts "to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." In addition, he has received multiple other awards for his work.


2/Barack H. Obama
Born: 4 August 1961, Honolulu, HI, USA
Residence at the time of the award: USA
Prize motivation: "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
Role: 44th President of the United States of America
Field: World organizing, arms control and disarmament

Barack H. Obama is the 44th President of the United States. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
He is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He began his run for the presidency in February 2007 and he reached his aim just on January 20, 2009 ..so we wonder how he could win the nobel peace prize Immediately on October 9, 2009


3/Tawakkol Karman
Born: 7 February 1979 (age 32) Taiz, Yemen
Residence at the time of the award: YEMEN
Prize motivation: "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work"


Karman is a Yemeni journalist, politician and senior member of Al-Islah political party, and human rights activist who heads the group "Women Journalists Without Chains,"

She earned an undergraduate degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a and a graduate degree in political science from the University of Sana'a. She is a writer and civil rights advocate.





How are the Nobel winner selected?












Our nominees for the prize for the next year…
Abdelaziz Bouteflika



(born March 2, 1937) has been the President of Algeria since 1999 Committee members named the Algerian President for a number of reasons among them using his diplomatic skills in putting an end to a long war between Iraq and Iran.
bringing peace and reconciliation to the people of Algeria and through awarding him the 2008 Nobel Peace Prizethe Nobel Committee would be supporting and strengthening the peace process in Algeria
2/National Coalition for the Homeless : is a international globular competition that help the homless and the political refugree to improve there life this organization deserve the nobel peace prize because it said out loud in front of all the dectators “ all the people have the right to live equal”
2-Nicolas Sarkozy,

born on 28 January 1955 in the 17th arrondissement of Paris), He is the 23rd and current President of the French Republic. Sarkozy has clearly been very active on the international stage, in Georgia and in the Middle East where he has tried to help bring an end to the Gaza war this way we select him.
The Nobel Peace Prize is just a small prize when we compare it with the hard efforts of the winners ; so we should be tolerant and make peace without waiting a prize because evry body have a duty to :
Make Peace

[نسيم الصبا]

انا أظن أنا بوتفليقة يستحق هذه الجايزة ... هو أول مرسح

[afaf1990]

سلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
براك الله فيك على الموضوع
و الجزاك اللله كل خيراً

[cris sam]

thunxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

[louna1]

ana lgit hadhou : k
• Abd el Aziz Bouteflika•
Lakhdar Brahimi
louisa hanoun
assia djebar

[sellami mohamed]

ممكن تبعثولن اسماء المشحين 2014 اتعيشو الي عندو ايفيدن بيه