الى الاخ lilojalilo

[* عبد الجليل *]

Passive: Past Perfect
The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.
The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.

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Active: Future Perfect
John will have finished the project next month.
They will have finished the projects before then.

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FUTURE TENSES
Passive forms: will + be + past participle
is/are going to be + past participle

[* عبد الجليل *]

Active: Future with WILL
I will mail the gift.
Jack will mail the gifts.Passive: Future with WILL
The gift will be mailed by me.
The gifts will be mailed by Jack.Active: Future with GOING TO
I am going to make the cake.
Sue is going to make two cakes.Passive: Future with GOING TO
The cake is going to be made by me.
Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

[* عبد الجليل *]

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS
The passive form follows this pattern:
modal + be + past participle

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Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Sharon will invite Tom to the party.
Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party.
(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.
Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.
(Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)
Mai can foretell the future.
Terry can't foretell the future.
(Terry can not foretell the future.)Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)
The future can be foretold by Mai.
The future can't be foretold by Terry.
(The future can not be foretold by Terry.)Active: MAY / MAY NOT
Her company may give Katya a new office.
The lazy students may not do the homework.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Her company might give Katya a new office.
The lazy students might not do the homework.Passive: MAY / MAY NOT
Katya may be given a new office by her company.
The homework may not be done by the lazy students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might be given a new office by her company.
The homework might not be done by the lazy students.Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
Students should memorize English verbs.
Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T
English verbs should be memorized by students.
Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.Active: OUGHT TO
Students ought to learn English verbs.
(negative ought to is rarely used)Passive: OUGHT TO
English verbs ought to be memorized by students.Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT
Students had better practice English every day.
Children had better not drink whiskey.Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT
English had better be practiced every day by students.
Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.Active: MUST / MUST NOT
Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad.
Customers must not use that door.Passive: MUST / MUST NOT
A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.
That door must not be used by customers.Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO
She has to practice English every day.
Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day.
The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO
English has to be practiced every day.
The dishes have to be washed by them every day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day.
Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.Active: BE SUPPOSED TO
I am supposed to type the composition.
I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book.
Janet is supposed to clean the living room.
She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum.
They are supposed to make dinner for the family.
They aren't supposed to make dessert.Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO
The composition is supposed to be typed by me.
The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied.
The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.
Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her.
Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them.
Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

[* عبد الجليل *]

PAST MODALS
The past passive form follows this pattern:
modal + have been + past participle

[* عبد الجليل *]

Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE
The students should have learned the verbs.
The children shouldn't have broken the ********Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE
The verbs should have been learned by the students.
The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.Active: OUGHT TO
Students ought to have learned the verbs.
(negative ought to is rarely used)Passive: OUGHT TO
The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)
I was supposed to type the composition.
I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book.
Janet was supposed to clean the living room.
She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum.
Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner.
They weren't supposed to make dessert.Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)
The composition was supposed to be typed by me.
The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied.
The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet.
Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her.
Dinner was supposed to be made by them.
Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.Active: MAY / MAY NOT
That firm may have offered Katya a new job.
The students may not have written the paper.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
That firm might have offered Katya a new job.
The students might not have written the paper.Passive: MAY / MAY NOT
Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm.
The paper may not have been written by the students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm.
The paper might not have been written by the students.

[* عبد الجليل *]

Emploi

Le passif en général

En général, on emploie la forme passive lorsqu'on ne s'intéresse pas à, ou ne connaît pas, l'agent:

• On ne connaît pas l'agent, Ex. My car has been stolen. On a volé ma voiture; je ne sais pas qui l'a fait. J'aurais pu dire 'Somebody has stolen my car' (voix active).
• On ne s'intéresse pas tellement à l'agent mais plutôt à l'action ou au résultat de l'action, Ex. A new office block is being built in the city centre. Tout ce qui m'intéresse est qu'un nouvel immeuble est en train d'être construit; je ne m'intéresse pas à quelle société effectue les travaux.
• On s'intéresse plutôt à l'action (ou au résultat de l'action) qu'à l'agent, Ex. A new cancer treatment has been discovered by scientists in Sweden. Ce qui est intéressant est la découverte d'un nouveau traitement pour le cancer; le fait que cela ait été fait en Suède est moins important pour celui qui en parle.
• L'agent est trop évident pour qu'on se donne la peine de le mentionner, Ex. The suspect was questioned before being released. Il est évident que c'est la police qui a interrogé le suspect avant de le relâcher; tout le monde comprend sans qu'on le dise.
• Le passif est employé pour traduire des phrases du français qui:
  • sont à la voix passive aussi;
  • ont un verbe pronominal, Ex. Cela ne se fait pas — That just isn't done;
  • sont du genre "on...", Ex. On m'a invité à une fête — I've been invited to a party.

Exemples

Voici quelques exemples:

• Présent simple: Ex. Football is played in most countries — le football est joué dans la plupart des pays.
• Présent continu: Ex. My car is being repaired — ma voiture est en train d'être réparée.
• Prétérit simple: Ex. The eclipse was seen only in the northern hemisphere — l'éclipse a été vue seulement dans l'hémisphère nord.
• Prétérit continu: Ex. My hair was being cut when the accident happened — j'étais en train de me faire couper les cheveux lorsque l'accident s'est produit.
• Present Perfect simple: Ex. The fugitive has been arrested — on a arrêté le fugitif.
• Futur: Ex. A new version of Linux will be released soon — une nouvelle version de Linux sera bientôt commercialisée.
• Infinitif: Ex. Computer discs should be defragmented regularly — les disques durs devraient être défragmentés régulièrement.
• Passé de l'infinitif: Ex. My car must have been stolen; it's no longer where I left it — ma voiture a dû être volée; elle n'est plus là où je l'ai laissée.
• Gérondif: Ex. Most people like receiving presents — la plupart des gens aiment recevoir des cadeaux.
• Gérondif passé: Ex. We were angry at having been deceived — nous étions en colère parce qu'on nous avait trompés.

[* عبد الجليل *]

Forme

INFINITIFinfinitif actifto clean (nettoyer)infinitif passifto be cleaned (être nettoyé)passé de l'infinitifto have cleaned (avoir nettoyé)passé de l'infinitif passifto have been cleaned (avoir été nettoyé)
SimpleContinuprésentis cleanedis being cleanedprétéritwas cleanedwas being cleanedfuturwill be cleanedwill be being cleanedPresent Perfecthas been cleanedNe s'emploie pasPast Perfecthad been cleaned
EXEMPLESActifPassifA sees BB is seen by AA is seeing BB is being seen by AA saw BB was seen by AA was seeing BB was being seen by AA has seen BB has been seen by AA will see BB will be seen by A
Notes

• A la forme simple (present simple, past simple, etc.) la forme est 'to be' conjugué + participe passé (c'est-à-dire V-ed), Ex. The car was cleaned yesterday (La voiture a été nettoyée hier).
• A la forme continue (present continuous, past continuous, etc.) la forme est 'to be' conjugué + being + participe passé (c'est-à-dire V-ed), Ex. At 9 o'clock this morning, my car was being cleaned (A 9h00 ce matin, on était en train de nettoyer ma voiture).
• Avant d'ajouter -ing ou -ed, il faut doubler la consonne finale si les deux conditions suivantes sont remplies:
  • le verbe se termine par une seule voyelle suivie d'une seule consonne,
  • la dernière syllabe est accentuée, ou il n'y a qu'une syllabe — pour savoir si la dernière syllabe est accentuée ou non, il faut consulter un dictionnaire.
• Le complément à la voix active devient sujet à la voix passive — actif: Peter cleaned my car; passif: My car was cleaned by Peter.
• A la voix passive, le sujet subit l'action du verbe; si on mentionne l'agent (= sujet à la voix active), il faut l'introduire après le verbe par la préposition by.

[ميهانيدار]

كيما سهلت عليا الله يسهلك

[* عبد الجليل *]

if you want anything I AM hear my dear sister
have a good luck

[* عبد الجليل *]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة amidah

كيما سهلت عليا الله يسهلك

امين ياربي والله يسهل علينا وعليك

[ميهانيدار]

خويا ادا حسيت روحك عيان بزاف تقدر تروح تريح.................بصح مازال ماكملت المراجعة هادي حالتي واش ندير...............و18 حلمي

[* عبد الجليل *]

nn ma3lich ma3yitch zidi kach maykhosek rani hna