Extracting fuel from waste (Refuse-Derived Fuel, RDF)
At present there are several plants for recycling of solid waste in a manner that mechanical separation of the material non- burning , such as ****l, glass , and then directing the remaining organic material to produce fuel systems . The process of extracting fuel from waste is easier than complex mechanical separation processes , and which is also used ash (Ash) as a burn with coal for power generation . We have strict laws and regulations set by some European countries regarding waste incineration to reduce the use of this method .
2.1.6 develop gas sanitary landfills
Uses gas generated from sanitary landfills to burn in furnaces and boilers to produce steam for electric power generation or production of hot water for heating purposes . There are around 240 ********s around the world and has reached its capacity to 440 in 1992 . One of the big projects in the world generates 46 MW. If each ton of waste produced in theory between 300 and 1,500 cubic meters of gas a ******* Taqoa *****alent to 5 GJ or 6 GJ site and in ten years old or more . Because of difficulties in extracting gas and management of underground conditions , the efficiency of production ranges between 25 % and 50% .
The cost of power generation from landfill gas is very encouraging , as the production of energy from these systems ranges between 4 and 6 cents per kilowatt - hour . In the case of the production of 150 cubic meters of gas per ton of solid waste it can generate electrical energy of $ 5 TWh per year .
3.1.6 fermented anaerobic solid waste
We can use other methods to produce gas from sanitary landfills , one subjected to the process of waste controlled well in Mhadm manufactured . In these circumstances, the digestion is in weeks rather than years . The digester is fed by easing solid waste fluids sewer . The advantage of this Alhoadm compared to using landfills , is the possibility erected near residential areas and do not need this garbage to be transported over long distances as well as they are only a few of the land area .
We have been developing such systems in the United States . The figure shows (1-6) system that collects useful materials from the solid waste and produce methane gas by Alhoadm and electric power generation by the heat of combustion of solid waste .
Form (1-6) : The system collects useful materials from the solid waste and produce methane gas and electric power generation
4.1.6 industrial and commercial waste
Is collecting huge amounts of industrial and commercial waste in every city . Although about two-thirds of this waste combustible , as a significant portion of which is suitable for the collection of household waste to the different quality of the materials . Venfallat food processing operations , for example , must be addressed before putting waste to minimize the effect of biological and chemical materials , and are then placed in the digester to produce thermal energy . And hospital waste incinerated likes to avoid contamination . The large quantities of used tires that are thrown in the waste can be burned and converted into heat , too.
2-6 energy crops
It crops grown specifically for energy production , has directed attention to in recent years . Reducing the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the main reasons to use sources of biomass and other renewable energy sources instead of conventional fuels , but for this use in some countries , among other reasons to increase agricultural production and reduce dependence on imported oil . And the preferred crops grown dependent on the availability of qualified local conditions , including the burning of wood , and plants for the production of ethanol , and crops with oil -rich core . The table shows (1-6) the amount of the annual production of some crops used for this purpose .
1.2.6 wood crops
Wood remains the main source of energy in most countries in Asia, Africa and some countries in South America . The wood (or charcoal ) is the main fuel used in the homes of most of these countries , and is used in large quantities in industrial consumption . In Brazil , for example, steel mills use more than two million tons of charcoal per year . Although sources of wood is very important . When the presence of industry cut wood in the forests available large amounts of waste , but the continuation of the industry could lead to the extinction of the forest in the future , and the best solution to this problem is the cultivation of fast-growing trees . The old method used for hundreds of years and that is where cutting tree trunks and let it grow again , is also one of the ways in which her experience many of the developing countries.
It is fast-growing trees poplar and willow . When intensively cultivated 5,000 to 20,000 trees per hectare for a distance of $ 5X1 and 1X2 m m can be obtained on the production of 10 tonnes per hectare per year for a period of close to thirty years .
I've spent the Swedish government about 179 million U.S. dollars during the past five years for the development of the forest industry in order to be exploited for the production of energy from biomass . A recent study has shown that the annual contribution of biofuels will increase from currently 250 PJ to 700 PJ in 2000, with the contribution of the fuel that is produced from the forest of 50 % .
2.2.6 Alaathlee produce alcohol ( ethanol ) from sugar cane
The production of ethanol from sugar cane or corn is a method currently used in many areas of the world. In Brazil, the production of more than 100 billion liters since the beginning of the program in 1975, depending on the sugar mills , has been thus saving huge amounts of imported fuel . There are more than four million vehicles operating in Brazil ethanol Net , and nine million working Bgasulan another vehicle containing 20% ethanol .
The state Zimbabwe African they have the successful program in this area and that the production of 40 million liters per year, depending on the institution manufactures sugar, ethanol , and carbon dioxide , and fodder for livestock , and power generation as well as to recycle waste remaining to be used as fertilizer for the sugar cane fields . There are also small plants for the manufacture of ethanol in Kenya and Malawi .
The decline in the sugar industry in the Caribbean and other areas came as a result of the use of new types of sugar cane with a high ******* of biomass, which is one of the best plants producing sugar cane compared to normal , which produces 30 to 40 tons per hectare Java . The new Cane ( cane energy ) can be produced from 60 to 70 tons per hectare Java . Most of these quantities resulting from increased fiber ******* , although the amount of sugar the product could be lower, but the losses resulting from this deficiency offset by the extra energy in the form of waste useful. It is possible to economically burn some of the cane sugar directly without extracting it.
3.2.6 normal corn and white corn Chinese
The evolution of the production of ethanol produced from corn mixed with gasoline in the United States extensively. In 1990, production was 3.4 billion liters by distillation plants in 22 states . This amount has consistently increasing.
And are now grown in Brazil and the United States are different types of sweet herbs , such as grain and herbs, similar to sugar cane to be converted into alcohol used as fuel .
4.2.6 vegetable oil
Can extract the nucleus in several crushing plants for the production of large quantities of oil , which is of hydrocarbons . And vegetable oil has a ******* Taqoa estimated (9-37 GJ / ton ( a little like diesel (GJ / ton 42), and the highest in this case of ethanol (GJ / ton 30). Several oils can be burned directly in diesel engines , either pure or after being mixed with diesel fuel , but the mixture that contains a high percentage of oil could fill outlets pumping fuel and congregate on other parts of the machine . could avoid this phenomenon by mixing the oil with ethanol or methanol and mixing 30% of the vegetable oil with diesel , a method currently used . currently used coconut oil in trucks and buses in the Philippines . while palm oil it is currently being used in Brazil , and the sunflower oil it is most commonly used in South Africa .
3-6 environmental benefits resulting from the use of biomass sources
I have received the environmental impact resulting from the use of biomass energy with great interest even though the burning of waste has environmental impacts as well, but the fuel produced from biomass sends the amount of carbon dioxide less than 65% of the amount of conventional fuel . The desired results from the expansion of the production of energy crops will be the promising results .
If one means of reducing the high temperature of the air is to install the amount of carbon dioxide by planting trees over large areas . The forest trees to absorb carbon dioxide is a suitable way to reduce the environmental damage , but the substitution of biomass fuels instead of conventional fuel is a better solution. The cost depends reduce carbon dioxide and its potential in this way on the efficiency of energy conversion in the development and burning of biomass sources and the type of fuel that is replace it . Although coal is a candidate material for this purpose .
The bio-fuel is cleaner concerning the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide , and the emission of acid gases Koksid sulfur and nitrogen oxide .
In order to avoid the occurrence of explosions resulting from the emission of methane and spread of sanitary landfills , the extraction of this gas and burned provide additional environmental benefits as a result of conversion to methane gas , which is less harmful than carbon dioxide . It should be noted that methane has the ability to more heat-trapping carbon dioxide by about 25 times .
4-6 power photosynthesis
All living organisms rely on food that is made in the leaves of plants by the process of photosynthesis . And benefit the plant by about 5 % of the energy that reaches the earth from the sun in the process of photosynthesis . This part of the energy , although relatively small , is working on the production of between 150 and 200 billion tons of dry organic matter .
Scientists have been able to at the end of the nineteenth century to reach the equation of photosynthesis and prove that green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds made by the plant , sugar and most important of these vehicles. The equation is the following :
This equation , in fact, characterized the real interactions of photosynthesis . The materials sugar ( glucose ) (C6H12O6) does not consist of mixing carbon dioxide (CO2) with water so simple, because the synthesizer is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Therefore, the equation shows materials consumed in the process and the resulting materials , including , without exposure to the steps and stages in a row and the minute .
The estimated amount of carbon involved in this process annually about 200 billion tons . This comes from the carbon dioxide emissions that do not exceed the percentage in the air for 0.3% of the components of the atmosphere .
It could be argued that in the absence of photosynthesis to life found on Earth. This is due to the fact that all living organisms depends on its capacity to obtain the necessary green plants self-feeding , as these objects energy-producing chemicals.
( تقرير عن مشاركة سيئة )، و الموجودة أسفل كل مشاركة .
2014-01-03, 08:26
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