lملخص دروس الانجليزية

rahilabk · 2013-04-29, 22:42

Unit 02 : Ill Gotten Gains Never Prosper.
1. Providing /provided (that) - as long as/ so long as
Providing …+ v (pre.s) …, ….. v( fut.s)
Eg : Providing that you work hard, you will succeed this year.
2. Wish :
a. Present wish : I wish … v(past.s)…………. Eg : I wish I got my diploma.
b. Past wish : I wish … v( past perect) ……. Eg: I wish my friend had finished his project.
c. Future wish : I wish ….. would + stem ……. Eg : I wish he wouldn’t lose his money.

3. It’ (high/ about) time :
- It’s time + v ( past.s) …….(complain about the delay) eg : It’s about time you got up.
- It’s time + v(inf) ………( it is the right time) eg: it’s high time to go to the station.
4. Modals: should / ought to‡ advice eg: you should/ ought to revise your lessons.
Had better + stem ‡advice eg : you’d better revise your lessons.
Had better +not+ stem ‡ advice eg : they had better not waste their time.
5. Stress : nouns end in ics , the stress is on the penultimate( before the last syllable)
Eg: statistics - physics - mathematics
6. So+ adj + that / such + NP+ that ‡the consequence NP= Noun Phrase
Eg : The exercise is so difficult that I can’t do it.
Eg : Counterfeit products have such a bad quality that they do not last long.
7. Modals :
Must / have to ‡obligation eg : Muslims must fast in Ramadan
Have to ‡necessity eg : we have to eat to live
Mustn’t ‡prohibition Students mustn’t cheat in exams
Don’t have to/ don’t need to ‡absence of obligation eg : you don’t have to come , you just phone me.
8. Stress :
- Verbs end in ise/ize, the stress is on the third syllable from the end. Eg : economize.
- Nouns end in y / ist, the stress is on the third syllable from the end. Eg : economy, economist, journalist.
- Adjectives end in ical , the stress is on the third syllable from the end. Eg :economical.
- Adjectives end in ic , the stress is on the penultimate. Eg: economic.

Unit 04: Safety First.
1. Modals :
- (Categorical) certainty : ….will ( certainly) …….
- Probability : …..will probably/ will likely …..
- Possibility : may/ can/ it is possible …..
- Remote (far) possibility : might …..
2. The Gerund (v+ing) : ( return to the end of 3 year book)
3. Stress :
- Verbs end in ate , the stress is on the third syllable from the end. Eg : regulate.
- Nouns end in ment, the stress is on the third syllable from the end. Eg : development.
- Nouns end in ion/ation, the stress is on the penultimate. Eg : introduction .
4. Suppose + v (past.s) …, would + stem ….. eg : Suppose that you won, what would you study at the university?
5. Quantifiers : few/ many , little/ much (return to the end of 3 year book)
Few/ many ‡countable nouns. Eg: few books are available. /// I have done many mistakes
Litte/ much ‡uncountable nouns. Eg: I put a little sugar in my coffee. //// I need much time to finish.
6. Cause / result :
Because/ as / since / because of / owing to / due to … ‡Cause
Eg : Owing to obesity, many people suffer from several diseases. ( owing to + NP//// because of + NP)
As a result/ consequently/ so/ therefore ……‡ Consequence
Eg: Many people eat fast food. Therefore, they suffer from obesity.
Unit 05: It’s a Giant Leap for Mankind.
1. How to ask questions:
- Wh-word + auxiliary + Subject + V (…) + Rest?
Eg: What have you done recently in your project?
Eg : Where did you go last night?
Eg : Why is she making such noise ?
- Auxiliary + Subject + V (…) + Rest? Eg : Did they come last week?
How much ( weight) - how far ( distance) – how long ( time) - how fast ( speed) ………
2. Stress:
- Verbs of two syllables , the stress on the second syllable. Eg: visit - traval
- Nouns of two syllables , the stress on the first syllable. Eg: contract - subject
- Adjectives of two syllables , the stress on the first syllable. Eg: happy- rapid
3. Comparative
- Comparative of superiority :
Short adjective + er+ than… eg : I am taller than my sister.
More + long adjective + than…. Eg : The butterfly is more beautiful than the bee.
- Comparative of inferiority:
Less + adjective + than ….. my friend is less intelligent than me.
4. Similarities / differences :
- Similarity : as ….as / both …and/ neither ….nor/ similar to…../like …
- Difference: compared with …/ different from …/ unlike…./ while../ whereas../ but../ yet ….
5. Dynamic / state verbs : ( return to the end of 3 year book)
- Dynamic verbs (can take the ing form) eg : I am writing a lettere. ( to write is a dynamic verb)
- State/stative verbs ( can not take the ing form) eg : I know the truth. (to know is a state verb)
6. The plural :
- Noun + S eg : books , computers….
- Noun ends in ( o, ss, x, ch, sh) + ES. Eg : potatoes, glasses ,boxes, sandwitches , dishes.
- Noun ends in f or fe: (two ways) :knife‡knives - roof roofs
- Noun ends in Y (preceded by a consonant) +ies . eg : studystudies.
- Irregular plural : manmen/womanwomen- tooth teeth –child ‡children…….

B.Rahila