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اريد مساعدتكم فى مشرةع اللغة الانجليزية ص 71 writing charter of ethics تعيشو عاونونى رانى ناقصة شوى فى الانجليزية و نطلب ماعدتكم و نتمنى متبخلونيش و اى حاجة تحتاجوها رانى هنا

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Writing a charter of ethics
Introduction
How to behave toward oneself and toward other individuals is a matter of making choices: whether to be frien**y or unfrien**y; whether to tell the truth or lie; whether to be generous or greedy; whether to study in order to pass an exam or to spend valuable study time watching television and cheat to pass it. These and all other questions about how people act toward themselves and one another are dealt with in a field of study called ethics. Another name for ethics is morality. One word is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning “character,” and the other from the Latin mores, meaning “custom.”
Business ethics
Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.
In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing.[1] Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws (e.g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission vehicles)
Business ethics can be both a normative and a de******ive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia de******ive approaches are also taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have redefined their core values in the light of business ethical considerations (e.g. BP's "beyond petroleum" environmental tilt).
Ethics of human resource management
The ethics of human resource management (HRM) covers those ethical issues arising around the employer-employee relationship, such as the rights and duties owed between employer and employee.
Discrimination issues ******* discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness. See also: affirmative action, sexual harassment.
Issues surrounding the representation of employees and the democratization of the workplace: union busting, strike breaking.
Issues affecting the privacy of the employee: workplace surveillance, drug testing. See also: privacy.
Issues affecting the privacy of the employer: whistle-blowing.
Issues relating to the fairness of the employment contract and the balance of power between employer and employee: slavery,[5] indentured servitude, employment law.
Theoretical issues in banking ethics
Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Some ethicists (e.g., Henry Sedgwick) see the principal role of ethics as the harmonization and reconciliation of conflicting interests.
Professional ethics
The professional carries additional moral responsibilities to those held by the population in general. This is because professionals are capable of making and acting on an informed decision in situations that the general public cannot, because they have not received the relevant training.[2] For example, a layman member of the public could not be held responsible for failing to act to save a car crash victim because they could not give an emergency tracheotomy. This is because they do not have the relevant knowledge. In contrast, a fully trained doctor (with the correct equipment) would be capable of making the correct diagnosis and carrying out the procedure and we would think it wrong if they stood by and failed to help in this situation. You cannot be held accountable for failing to do something that you do not have the ability to do.
This additional knowledge also comes with authority and power. The client places trust in the professional on the basis that the service provided will be of benefit to them. It would be quite possible for the professional to use his authority to exploit the client.[3] An obvious example is that of the dentist who carries out unneeded dental work on his patients in order to gain more money. It is likely that the patient will not have sufficient knowledge to question what is being done, and so will undergo and pay for the treatment.
Codes of Practice
Questions arise as to the ethical limits of the professional’s responsibility and how power and authority should be used in service to the client and society. Most professions have internally enforced codes of practice that members of the profession must follow, to prevent exploitation of the client and preserve the integrity of the profession. This is not only to the benefit of the client but to the benefit of those belonging to the profession. For example, a business may approach an engineer to certify the safety of a project which is not safe. Whilst one engineer may refuse to certify the project on moral grounds, the business may find a less scrupulous engineer who will be prepared to certify the project for a bribe, thus saving the business the expense of redesigning.[4] Disciplinary codes allow the profession to draw a standard of conduct and ensure that individual practitioners meet this standard, by disciplining them from the professional body if they do not practice accordingly. This allows those professionals who act with conscience to practice in the knowledge that they will not be undermined commercially by those who have less ethical qualms. It also maintains the public’s trust in the profession, meaning that the public will continue to seek their services.
Problems with internal regulation
There are questions surrounding the validity of professional codes of ethics. On a practical level it is very difficult for those independent of the profession to monitor practice, leaving the possibility that a code of practice may be self serving. This is because the nature of professions is that they have almost a complete monopoly on a particular area of knowledge. For example, until recently, the english courts deferred to the professional consensus on matters relating to their practice that lay outside case law and legislation.[5] This meant that there was a large extent to which professional conduct lay outside the governance of the law. However, since the case of Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority case law has given the stipulation that a practice that is commonly accepted by a profession must ‘withstand logical analysis’[6] if it is to have weight legally. This has allowed some scrutiny of accepted practice when charges of negligence are brought.
The Ethical Standards
The Ethical Standards in Public Life etc is an Act of the Scottish Parliament, passed in 2000, after being introduced by Scottish ****utive minister Wendy Alexander. It established that the Scottish Ministers had to issue a code of conduct for councilors, and put in place mechanisms for dealing with councilors in contravention of the code.
The Act was most notable for its repeal of Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 in Scotland, which had prevented local authorities from "the teaching of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship." This repeal was highly controversial, and Stagecoach Group founder Brian Souter led a campaign against it. The bill did require that councils would, in their dealings with children, have to regard the value of a stable family relationship, and that any education about family life would be appropriate to the child's age and development.

It passed on 2000-06-21 with a 99 to 17 vote, with only two abstentions, and received Royal Assent on 2000-07-04. The Local Government Act 2003 repealed Section 28 in England and Wales three years later
Ethical Standards in Public Life framework
A framework and Code of Conduct was established which applied to Local authority councilors and members of Scottish public bodies. [2]. The Act applies to ****utive non-departmental public bodies, NHS Public Bodies, Scottish Water and Further education colleges in Scotland. [3]
Standards Commission for Scotland
The Standards Commission for Scotland is responsible for enforcing the Code of Conduct. They act upon reports presented by the Chief Investigation Officer, a separate office. Members of the Commission are appointed by Scottish Ministers. [4] The Commission has a protocol for shared aims and objectives with the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman.
Chief Investigating Officer
The Chief Investigating Officer (CIO) is responsible for investigating any complaints made under the Code of Conduct. They are appointed by the Scottish Ministers and are operationally independent of the Standards Commission. The CIO will make a determination if the complaint is relevant or if another body can assist the complainant; the CIO must explain their decision. If an investigation is carried out the CIO will produce a report for the Commission. The Commission can choose to direct the CIO to conduct further investigations, convene a hearing or do neither.
Moral relativism
In philosophy, moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances. Moral relativists hold that no universal standard exists by which to assess an ethical proposition's truth; moral subjectivism is thus the opposite of moral absolutism. Relativistic positions often see moral values as applicable only within certain cultural boundaries (cultural relativism) or in the con**** of individual preferences (moral subjectivism). An extreme relativist position might suggest that judging the moral or ethical judgments or acts of another person or group has no meaning, though most relativists propound a more limited version of the theory.
Some moral relativists — for example, the existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre — hold that a personal and subjective moral core lies or ought to lie at the base of individuals' moral acts. In this view public morality reflects social convention, and only personal, subjective morality expresses true authenticity.
Moral relativism differs from moral pluralism — which acknowledges the co-existence of opposing ideas and practices, but accepts limits to differences, such as when vital human needs are violated. Moral relativism, in contrast, grants the possibility of moral judgments that do not accept such limits.
Ethical code
In the con**** of a code adopted by a profession or by a governmental or quasi-governmental organ to regulate that profession, an ethical code may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which may dispense with difficult issues of what behavior is "ethical".
Some codes of ethics are often promulgated by the (quasi-)governmental agency responsible for licensing a profession. Violations of these codes may be subject to administrative (e.g. loss of license), civil or penal remedies. Other codes can be enforced by the promulgating organization alone; violations of these codes are usually limited to loss of membership in the organization. Other codes are merely advisory and there are no prescribed remedies for violations or even procedures for determining whether a violation even occurred.
A code of ethics is often a formal statement of the organization's values on certain ethical and social issues. Some set out general principles about an organization's beliefs on matters such as quality, employees or the environment. Others set out the procedures to be used in specific ethical situations - such as conflicts of interest or the acceptance of gifts, and delineate the procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics occurred and, if so, what remedies should be imposed. The effectiveness of such codes of ethics depends on the extent to which to management supports them with sanctions and rewards. Violations of a private organization's code of ethics usually can subject the violator to the organization's remedies (in an employment con****, this can mean termination of employment; in a membership con****, this can mean expulsion). Of course, certain acts that constitute a violation of a code of ethics may also violate a law or regulation and can be punished by the appropriate governmental organ.
They are often not part of any more general theory of ethics but accepted as pragmatic necessities.
Ethical codes are distinct from moral codes that may apply to the culture, education, and religion of a whole society.
Even organizations and communities that may be considered criminal may have their own ethical code of conduct, be it official or unofficial. Examples could be *******, thieves, or even street gangs

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