أرجوا تقديم المساعدة

[نبع الندى]

لدي بحث عن ألفريد نوبل باللغة الأنجليزية أحتاج إلى مقدمة وخاتمة للبحث حالا . مع العلم أنني ذكرت في العرض مولد ونشأةه لا أريد تكرارها في المقدمة , أرجوا المساعدة حالا لأنني أحتاجها غدا

[عاشقة النجاح]

Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872) and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel (1805–1889). Born in Stockholm on 21 October 1833, he went with his family to Saint Petersburg in 1842, where his father (who had invented modern plywood) started a "torpedo" works. Alfred studied chemistry with Professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. When Alfred was 18, he went to the United States to study chemistry for four years and worked for a short period under John Ericsson.[1] In 1859, the factory was left to the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), who greatly improved the business. Alfred, returning to Sweden with his father after the bankruptcy of their family business, devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow students under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Torino). A big explosion occurred on the 3 September 1864 at their factory in Heleneborg in Stockholm, killing five people, among them Alfred's younger brother Emil.
The foundations of the Nobel Prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth for its establishment. Since 1901, the prize has honored men and women for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, for work in peace and now economics.
Though Nobel remained unmarried, his biographers note that he had at least three loves. Nobel's first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra, who rejected his proposal. In 1876 Bertha Kinsky became Alfred Nobel's secretary but after only a brief stay left him to marry her old flame, Baron Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner. Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will. Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize, 'for her sincere peace activities'.
Nobel's third and long-lasting love was with a flower girl named Sofie Hess from Vienna. This liaison lasted for 18 years and in many of the exchanged letters, Nobel addressed his love as 'Madame Sofie Nobel'. After his death, according to his biographers - Evlanoff and Flour, and Fant - Nobel's letters were locked within the Nobel Institute in Stockholm and became the best-kept secret of the time. They were released only in 1955, to be included with the biographical data of Nobel.
Sri Kantha has suggested that 'the one personal trait of Nobel that helped him to sharpen his creativity include his talent for information access, via his multi-lingual skills. Despite the lack of formal secondary and tertiary level education, Nobel gained proficiency in six ********s: Swedish, French, Russian, English, German and Italian. He also developed literary skills to write poetry in English.' His Nemesis, a prose tragedy in four acts about Beatrice Cenci, partly inspired by Percy Bysshe ****ley's The Cenci, was printed while he was dying. The entire stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately after his death, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. The first surviving edition (bilingual Swedish-Esperanto) was published in Sweden in 2003. The play has been translated to Slovenian via the Esperanto version.
Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that would later select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1893.
Alfred Nobel is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.
Dynamite and gelignite

Main articles: Dynamite and Gelignite
Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like [kieselguhr] (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as 'dynamite'. Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance "Nobels Safety Powder", but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for 'power'.
Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. 'Gelignite', or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health.
The Prizes


Alfred Nobel's death mask, at his residence Björkborn in Karlskoga, Sweden.



A monument to Alfred Bernhard Nobel in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia


Main article: Nobel Prize
In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary.[2] It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death.[2][3] The obituary stated Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead")[2] and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."[4] On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. He died of a stroke on 10 December 1896 at Sanremo, Italy. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will gave 31,225,000 Swedish kronor (*****alent to about 1.8 billion kronor or 250 million US dollars in 2008) to fund the prizes.[5]
The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science or physiology; the fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses. There is no prize awarded for mathematics[6], but see Abel Prize.
The Formulation about the literary prize, "in an ideal direction" (i idealisk riktning in Swedish), is cryptic and has caused much confusion. For many years, the Swedish Academy interpreted "ideal" as "idealistic" (idealistisk) and used it as a reason not to give the prize to important but less Romantic authors, such as Henrik Ibsen and Leo Tolstoy. This interpretation has since been revised, and the prize has been awarded to, for example, Dario Fo and José Saramago, who definitely do not belong to the camp of literary idealism.[original research?]
There was also quite a lot of room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will. In his one-page testament, he stipulated that the money go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry. He had opened the door to technological awards, but had not left instructions on how to deal with the distinction between science and technology. Since the deciding bodies he had chosen were more concerned with the former, it is not surprising that the prizes went to scientists and not to engineers, technicians or other inventors.
In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-grandnephew, Peter Nobel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given "in Alfred Nobel's memory" from the five other awards. This has caused much controversy whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a "Nobel Prize" / "Peace Prize".
See also

• Nobel, Ontario
• Dynamit Nobel AG

References

1. <LI id=cite_note-0>^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p. 256. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4. <LI id=cite_note-Brit1-1>^ a b c Britannica, Alfred Nobel <LI id=cite_note-HistC-2>^ The History Channel, Modern Marvels, episode 038 (originally aired 21 June 1999) <LI id=cite_note-Nobel-3>^ Golden, F.: "The worst and the brightest", Time (magazine), 16 October 2000. <LI id=cite_note-Fant_1991_327-4>^ Fant, Kenne (Ruuth, Marianne, transl.) (1991). Alfred Nobel: a biography. New York: Arcade Publishing ISBN 1-55970-328-8, p. 327
2. ^ "No Nobel Prize for Math". snopes.com. https://www.snopes.com/science/nobel.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

Sources

• Nobel, Alfred Bernhard in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
• Schück, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel. London: William Heineman Ltd.
• Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78,317, dated 26 May 1868
• Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel - The Loneliest Millionaire. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie Press, 1969.
• Sohlman, R. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel, transl. Schubert E. London: The Bodley Head, 1983 (Swedish original, Ett Testamente, published in 1950).
• Fant, Kenne (Ruuth, Marianne, transl.) (1991). Alfred Nobel: a biography. New York: Arcade Publishing ISBN 1-55970-328-8
• Jorpes, J.E. Alfred Nobel. British Medical Journal, Jan.3, 1959, 1(5113): 1-6.
• Sri Kantha, S. Alfred Nobel's unusual creativity; an analysis. Medical Hypotheses, April 1999; 53(4): 338-344.
• Sri Kantha, S. Could nitroglycerine poisoning be the cause of Alfred Nobel's anginal pains and premature death? Medical Hypotheses, 1997; 49: 303-306.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alfred NobelWikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alfred Nobel

• Alfred Nobel - Man behind the Prizes اخي انشاء الله يفيدك
• منقول من الموسوعة الحرة اذا اردت ان تقراه بالعربية وبالتوفيق

[عاشقة النجاح]

اخي اهاذا هو الموضوع الي راك تبحث عليه ولا نعاود الروشاغش

[عاشقة النجاح]

عذرا على الخطا انت انثى متزعفيش مني اختي

[يُنبوع~العطآء]

سارة عاونيني في بحث عن الشبكات
نحتاجو غدوا

[عاشقة النجاح]

فوفا بالانجليزية هذا حنونة باه نشوفلك

[عاشقة النجاح]

وين راكي فوفا ردي باه نساعدك

[يُنبوع~العطآء]

لا بالعربية

[نبع الندى]

شكرا لك على المساعدة لقد أنقذتني , إعتني بنفسك ولاتترددي في الطلب مني أي شيئ تبحثين عنه

[عاشقة النجاح]

العفو لا شكر على واجب انا في الخدمة اختي
لا تنسي الاكثار من الصلاة والدعاء من اجل النجاح
في امان الله عزيزتي

[عاشقة النجاح]

فوفا ردي عليا واش من نوع نتاع الشبكات
ل صرف المياه متلا هههههههههههههههه علابالك معنديش الوقت

[عاشقة النجاح]

فضيلة واش من نوع نتاع الشبكات نتاع الكهرباء ولا الماء ردي راني خارجا رايحا نراجع

[عاشقة النجاح]

يمكن تصنيف الشبكات اعتماداً على المنطقة الجغرافية التي تغطيها الشبكة إلى شبكات محلية
( LAN ) وشبكات واسعة المجال ( WAN ) .



الشبكة المحلية : هي مجموعة من الكمبيوترات وغالبا ما تكون كمبيوترات صغيرة مربوطة مع بعضها بواسطة خطوط الاتصال .


تتشارك هذه الكمبيوترات في المعدات والبرمجيات والمعلومات .


توجد إما في مكتب واحد أو في بناية واحدة أو مجموعة بنايات متقاربة .
يمكن لأي كمبيوتر الاتصال مع كمبيوتر آخر في الشبكة واستخدام مصادر ذلك الكمبيوتر مثل الطابعة أو استخدام وحدات
التخزين المساندة نفسها مما يوفر الوقت والجهد والمال .


نموذج النجمة : في هذه الحالة ترتبط الكمبيوترات المختلفة مع كمبيوتر مركزي يطلق عليه الخادم (Server) ويستطيع أي كمبيوتر الاتصال
مع أي كمبيوتر آخر من خلال الكمبيوتر المركزي الذي يرتبط به عادة وحدات التخزين والطابعة التي يمكن استخدامها من قبل
أي كمبيوتر آخر في الشبكة .
إن تعطل أي من الكمبيوترات في هذا النوع من الشبكات لا يؤثر في الكمبيوترات الأخرى ، أما إذا تعطل الكمبيوتر المركزي فسوف
تتعطل الشبكة بأكملها .


نموذج الحلقة : تربط الكمبيوترات في هذه الحالة مع بعضها بشكل دائري دون الاستفادة من كمبيوتر خادم .
توزع في هذا النوع من الشبكات وحدات التخزين والطابعات عبر الشبكة .
إن تعطل أي كمبيوتر في هذه الحالة يؤدي إلى تعطل الشبكة بأكملها .


النموذج الخطي : يتم في هذه الحالية ربط الكمبيوترات ووحدات التخزين والطابعات بخط اتصال مشترك
توزع في هذا النوع من الشبكات مهام إدارة الشبكة على كمبيوترات مختلفة.
عدم تعطل الشبكة في حال تعطل أحد الكمبيوترات.
يمكن لأي من الكمبيوترات الاتصال مع أي كمبيوتر آخر في الشبكة عن طريق الخط المشترك، ولكن يجب التحقق من أن هذا الخط غير مشغول بتأمين الاتصال بين أية كمبيوترات أخرى في الشبكة .

فوفا هذا عن شبكات الكمبيوتر الله غالب موضحتيليش نوع الشبكات

[عاشقة النجاح]

تعريف الشبكة /هي مجموعة من الكمبيوترات لها القدرة على تبادل البيانات فيما بينها بواسطة خطوط الاتصال التي تربطها مع بعضها بعضا . أو قد يتم ربط عدد من الوحدات الطرفية مع كمبيوتر مركزي

[يُنبوع~العطآء]

شكرا اية صحيت الشاطرة