المساعدة في مشروع الانجليزية

[TAREKAMAMRA]

موضوع البحث the three type of pollution (air pllu and water pllu and noise pllu)

[موت ولا اهانة]

شحال صفحة قولي

[TAREKAMAMRA]

صفحات ان امكن5-6

[saidsaid2007]

CAUSES OF POLLUTION


Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.
This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.
Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, wash off plowed fields,construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.
Polluted River in the United Kingdom
The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one of



the most crucial environmental problems within the 20th century. Waterborne chemical pollution entering rivers and streams cause tremendous amounts of destruction.

ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTION

Three last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of petroleum, radioactive substances, and heat. Petroleum often pollutes water bodies in the form of oil, resulting from oil spills. The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example of this type of water pollution. These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along shore lines. Besides the supertankers, off-shore drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution. One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil transported. This is equal to about 0.0001 percent. Radioactive substances are produced in the form of waste from nuclear power plants, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive materials. Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium mining and refining. The last form of water pollution is heat. Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms. These decreases in temperatures are caused when a discharge of cooling water by factories and power plants occurs.
Demonstrators Protest Drilling

Oil pollution is a growing problem, particularly devastating to coastal wildlife.
Small quantities of oil spread rapidly across long distances to form deadly oil



slicks. In this picture, demonstrators with "oil-covered" plastic animals protest a
potential drilling project in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or not accidental spills occur during the project, its impact on the delicate marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be devastating.

Oil Spill Clean-up

Workers use special nets to clean up a California beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental problem because once oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove or contain it. Even small amounts spread rapidly across large areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.

CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTION


The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its ******* of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary


treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation;secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their
collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their ******* of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.
Wastewater Treatment
Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused;99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.


GLOBAL WATER POLLUTION

Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.

Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP).
UNEP was designed to be the environmental conscience of the United Nations, and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major
environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.




CONCLUSION

Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a serious issue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These are
just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.
Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.
________________________________________

[إميلي]

Introduction:

Urbanization, demographic growth, density of pollution and the change of consummation are caused the progressive degradation of our life, and they exposed environment to the pollution risks which menace the public salubrity also the citizen health.
There are two types of pollution: the water pollution and the air pollution.

The air pollution:

The airconstitutes one of the necessary elements for life. Air pollution is caused by the presence of the pollutants in the atmosphere. These pollutants can be natural origin or is come from the human activities (industry; transports).

The natural pollutants:
The pollutants which are bind with the natural origin are principally the Sulphur dioxyde (SO2) and the Nitrogen dioxyde (NO2), these latest come from the volcanic eruption, the forest fires, ocean and the decomposition of the organic matters ( animals and vegetables death).These natural pollutants are less dangerous because they do not stay a long time in the atmosphere.

The pollutants which are came from the human activities:
The principal pollutants that the men reject in the atmosphere are: the carbon dioxyde (CO2), the Sulphur dioxyde (SO2), the nitrogen dioxyde (NO2), ozone (O3)… They proceed from the combustion of the fossil energies (coal, petroleum and the natural gas), industries (ironworking, ****lworker, incinerators the wastes, and refineries the petroleum…) and the road transports (the fuel and the diesel oil combustion by the cars and the lorries are the responsible of the bad air quality in the big cities)







The air pollution’s consequences:
Human health:
The air pollution causes principally the eyes irritation, the vision problems, the respiratory difficulties, chronic cough and the lung cancer. The persons who are more touch by this pollution are children, old persons and the sensitive persons (smokers, asthmatics…).
Dust attacks the respiratory ways, the carbon monoxide acts on the heart and the brains, plumb and the cadmium attack the blood and the kidneys also the fuel soot and the benzene are carcinogenic.
Earth:
In the begging, the air pollution doesn’t touch only the atmosphere bass layer (the troposphere). Some pollutants are thrown in the atmosphere high layers. This action caused the global warming: the earth is getting warmer. The cause is carbon dioxide in the air. Its volume has increased a lot because of the burning of oil, coal and wood. This carbon dioxide has enveloped the earth in a sort of greenhouse which traps the heat from the sun. It does not let it go out, so the temperature will rise. In addition, if the earth gets hotter, the glaciers will melts. And if the glaciers melt, the volume of the water in the seas will increase and the level of sea water will rise. This will cause flooding. As a result, vast areas of the Indian coast, Bangladesh, Holland and even London will be under water. Moreover, the wins and rain will change. Some regions will have more storms which can destroy crops, houses and will kill a lot of people. On the contrary, vast areas of the world, the USA and Russia, North Africa will suffer from lack of rain (drought) can transform these areas into deserts. As a result, we will have less food to eat and less water to drink.
Secondly, the use of the Chlorofluorocarbures (CFC) in the aerosol bombs also the refrigerators decreased the ozone concentration in the atmosphere which caused the famous hole in the ozone layer which is discovered in 1980 above the Antarctic (above the South pole). Furthermore, loss of protection from ultra violet rays is caused by the destruction of the ozone layer causes; therefore, people will suffer from skin cancer.












The hole in the ozone layer
Finally, some industry pollutants caused the rain acids as Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen which are combined in the air humidity for to form the acids (the Sulphuric acid and the nitric acid), after that, they are transported far to another place by wins before to be precipitate by rains. Consequently, forest, marine life, ponds and monuments are the principal victims.

Solutions:
The solutions for to reduce the air pollution are:
Firstly, Make known about the jeopardy of this pollution by advertising. Secondly, the reduction of the transports mostly the cars moving and replace them by collective transports. Thirdly, use the complexes systems which limit this pollution like the catalytic converters for cars and the atmosphere filters for the factories chimneys. Fourthly, develop the renewable energies like: solar energies, wind energies, nuclear energies. Finally, plant trees for formed forest because the trees are our lungs.
















The atmosphere filters Catalytic converters

The water pollution:

Without water, life could not exist. Because it is essential to all life as a result “Water = life” but now the water is ill this illness called “water pollution” so “water ill= life ill”. This pollution touches the water surface (oceans, rivers, lakes) and the underground water. This pollution is accorded to the human activities. There are four types pf this pollution:


The agricultural pollution with the animal dejections, the nitrate and the phosphate in the fertilizer









The industrial pollution with the chemical products which are came from factories (waste water)
The domestic pollution with the waste water of houses (toilets, wash powders, detergents, bleaches…)
The petroleum pollution is generally accidental by the shipwreck of petroleum (black tides) as Exxon Valdez (Alaska, 1989), Erika (Atlantic ocean, 1999)

Wreck of the Amoco Cadiz Black tides

The water pollution‘s consequences:
· The water pollution can have the grave effects for the human health like:
· The nitrates which exist in the drinking water can caused the fatal diseases as typhoid fever and cholera.
· The heavy ****ls (mercury and the plumb) are toxic for man
· The cadmium which is existent in the fertilizers can be stocked by plants which provoke the digestion problems (diarrhea), livers and kidneys diseases.
· This pollution can destroy the animal life (fishes) also the flora (the aquatic vegetation)
Solution
Firstly, Make known about the jeopardy of this pollution by advertising. Secondly, make laws about this pollution and forfeit for any one controvert these laws. Thirdly, it must to clean beaches and seas also wash animals which are touched by this disaster. Fourthly, waste waters should be treated before throwing them to the seas. Finally, lessons about the environment culture must be given in the school.











Cleaning beaches washing birds

Pollution by wastes:

Human activities are generating the solid wastes which represent the sources of pollution, for the reason that are toxic.











The pollution’s causes:
The present situation analyzes makes prove that the causes of this pollution are:
· Absence of the sorting wastes.
· Absence of the discharges
· Lack of information and user sensitilization

The pollution’s consequences:
The wastes are the origin of:
· Propagation of diseases and epidemics
· Clearing of smells and disagreeable smokes
· Water, air and ground pollution
· Proliferation of insects, rodents and wander animals
· Destruction landscapes











Solution:
For get rid of this pollution, we must:
· Develop the selective sorting wastes
· Sensitize the users for help to keep the property
· Improve the arrangement conditions and laws exploitation
· Develop the retraining activities













Papers recycle

Conclusion:

The environment protection is today a preoccupation divided by the most of the citizens. Environment is more and more considered like a patrimony for protected, In addition, the protection of the human health comes by the protection of the environment. So is a duty which is a responsibility for everybody.

“”Earth is between our hands, we can not let it fall”“

The sources:
· Rapport sur l’état et l’avenir de l’environement 2000 (book p56, 60, 61, 62, 63,86 with translating)
· Encarta Encyclopedia with translating (CD)
· English book(1AS p162)

The pictures:











[IMG]https://www.leblogauto.com/wp-*******/uploads/2007/03/Albin3/pollution.jpg[/IMG]