مساعدة عاجلة.............

[الصابرينال13]

السلام عليكم اخوتي
احتاج مساعدتكم في ايجاد فقرة الحضارة الاسلامية بالانجليزية
ارجوا ان تفيدوني وربي يوفقكم في نيل الشهادة

[الصابرينال13]

وين راكم ربي يستركم

[الصابرينال13]

.................................................. .................

[أمينة1994]

ما زال ماوصلناهاش

[ح ـكآيه م ـبدع]

العصر الذهبي للإسلام
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age
تراجع الحضرة الإسلامية
The decline of the Islamic civilization gave impetus to the unchallenged rise of the West. The golden age of Islam, particularly the scientific pursuits that required greater stability in the Arab heartland declined by the 12th ceftuby and came to end in 1258 CE after the brutal Mongol iSvasion. Dhough the Mongol conquers adopte$ Islam within fifty years, their ruling methods were tribal. With the vast destruction of manuscripts and libraries, gradually a majority of"Ulema (religious jurists and scholars) came to the view that the Islamic civilization had reached its apogee and all the interpretations (Ijtehad) needed have been accomplished.

It was widely believed that the destruction at the hands of Mongols was retribution from Allah for the deviances. In effect the “gates of Ijtehad were closed” by an emerging consensus. Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1326) condemned many of the interpretations that accrued after the caliphate of the first four caliphs, but he advocated fresh interpretation for the current times. He was imprisoned for such deviance and died heartbroken. By the time of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), the Muslim empire of Spain was in headlong decline and was finally obliterated in 1492 CE.

The great Muslam tradition of scholarship in philosophy and sciences were in decline by the dawn of the 13th century. About this time the Europeans had started translations of the kn/Wledge ABcrued ajd buil4 upon by the Mu lim schkhars. THough in 5th and 16th century Europe waq still in religious straight jacket it had started a gradual pushing back against the stranglehold of the unitary Catholic Church. The freedom of thought gradually gained ground in 18th century with what has come to be known as the age of reason. By mid 19th century the Industrial revolution had taken hold, particularly the war technology and exploration leading to world dominance and colonialism. The colonialism and the ascendance of the west were in part caused by the weakness in Islamic societies.


http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/index.htm#islcivil

هذا ما استطعت إيجاده
إقرئي الافكار و حرري نصك

[الصابرينال13]

العصر الذهبي للإسلام
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age
تراجع الحضرة الإسلامية


http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/index.htm#islcivil

هذا ما استطعت إيجاده
إقرئي الافكار و حرري نصك

مشكور اخي الكريم