بحث الانجليزية

[*فاروق*]

من فضلكم اريد البحث الانجليزية الذي يتكلم عن الانترنيت
ولي داروه ما يبخلش على زملاءه please :sdf:

[هاجر1996]

dsl ana wellah tani rani nhawess 3lih bonne channnnnnce lik w liya

[*فاروق*]

:1:ok merci

[~شهاب~]

سلام


بالتوفيق................

[~شهاب~]

أخي تفضل فقرة عنها=


:19: :19:





اختر أنت هده =
Internet is a very useful invention. First, it makes distances become smaller. The world will just be a tiny village. Second, internet can be used in reasueches, projects and studies. It's a way to exchanging ideas with other people. Finally, this network includs many other domains such as the weather, shopping, news ... In few words : "everything you can imagine".
Internet is dangerous too, because of the bad people who sell drogs, woppons and publish informations or rumors to stik out wars between countries.
At last, I conclude by saying that the internet is useful and dangerous at the same time, so we have to choose the right way to become good citizens in this comunity.








:19:
أم هده =

The internet is one of the most important things in our life . And that actually
because of many reasons . Firstly it connected the world and make it as a small village , For example you can talk to your friend in America from the UAE however that was impossible in the past . Secondly it is a source that you can get information from about any subject . Thirdly it is a way that you can spend your time , by searching for news or talking with friends . In
conclusion I think that internet is an important thing in our life





وبالتوفيق لك


للمزيد من المعلومات ادهب الى جوجل وأكتب بحت حول الانترنت بالانجلزية


أرجوااااااااا أنني أفدتك :19: :19:




بالتوفيق...............................

[minna25]

سووريي مآدرناهشـــ

[biba_g]

http://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=783186&highlight=%C7%E1%C7%E4%CC%E1%ED%D2%ED%C9+%C7%E1%C7 %E4%CA%D1%E4%CA

[biba_g]

ابحث في المنتدى تلقاه شت قبل واحد داروا
بالتوفيق

[melissa73]

تعريف الكمبيوتر
Computer and is also called computer (computer) is an electronic device that performs mathematical and logical operations on a set of data and process it and to pull the results (information) make use of it in our lives
مكوناته
Computer system consists of:
(1) Hardware (Hardware) which is the physical components that make up the computer.
(2) software (Software), a set of instructions and commands that are used to get the results
Required from the computer.
First:
(1) units of the input (INPUT UNITS), which was considered the link between the user and the computer where
The user enters data and programs from which the most common:
A - Keyboard (Key board) and is considered the key input unit in the computer consists of:
* Keyboard Home
It consists of the keys to write the alphabet
(Arabic / English)
* Key trends and Control:
It consists of the shares by which we can move the cursor up and down .... Etc. in addition to
Some of the keys that are used to move the cursor one full screen up or down.
* The number keys:
A numeric keypad has the numbers and all the sports and fitness brands and trends and Control keys.
* Function keys:
They keys that do specific functions of these functions vary from program to program (ctrl & Alt).
B - mouse (Moue):
And use the mouse to select commands and run programs, especially in applications that rely on graphics
And various forms such as Windows.
First:
Units of output (Output unit) output units are used to show the evidence and the results
And reports, fees and displayed as required, including: -
A - Display (Monitor): It may be monochrome (Monochrome display) or color (Color display) & and screen sizes including 12 inch & 14 inch & 15 inch & 17 inch & ... ... .. And so on.
- And there must be compatibility between the computer and the monitor used and display card (Display
Adapters), which produces a signal to control and impose control on the screen. Among the cards
Used in the PC (Personal Computer): -
Card CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) & Card EGA (Enhanced Graphics
Adapter) & card VGA (Video Graphics Array) & standard SVGA card
(Standard).
B - the printer (Printer), one of the output units by which to obtain Alnaْj
And the data printed on paper.

Third:
Units and secondary storage (Memory (Auxiliary reservoir is considered the great
Placed where all data and programs ... ... .. It is in direct contact with the main memory
(Random) and memory storage type permanent magnet even after the device is switched off, including: -
A - floppy disk (Floppy Disk), there are different sizes and different capacities, including
8-inch & 5.25 inch & 3.5 inch is the most storage capacity of 1.44 Mbps
(1.44 MB) which equals 720 KB.
B - hard drive (hard disk), there are two types of hard drives; one of them can be separated from the computer and connects to the device for use only h and the other kind of inseparable from a computer hard drive and the advantage for the floppy disk density recording and storage capacity very large
Fourth
Central processing units (CPU) Central processing unit which contain all the
Physical media capable of processing data and execute instructions and adjust the input and output operations
Which is responsible for determining the capacity and speed of computer is divided into:
A - a unit of Computer and logic (ALU) (ARITHMATIC and logical unit), a unit that processes the data from the arrangement and classification, sorting and ... ... ... ... and address the calculations of the four: multiplication and division and addition and subtraction, as well as logical operations such as comparisons between the two values ​​(equal to = & more <& smaller than the>).
B - Control unit (Unit Control), a unit that dominate and control all input and output operations, arithmetic, logic, and internal and external storage which she supervises the operations and activities of all computer
V.
(5) main memory (Main Memory) and is divided into:
A - main memory random RANDOM ACCESSMEMORY (RAM)
The so-called random access memory, because the system can randomly choose any storage ******** to write in, or read data from it at random, without passing the rest of the other sites. A readable and write a memory volatile lose their *******s power outages and increase the capacity of this increased capacity and efficiency of the computer in the management of different programs, the measured capacity of the number of letters BYTE) (which can be stored in it.
B - read-only memory ROM) READ ONLY MEMORY (memory used in the maintenance of software for the operation of the computer, this memory does not lose its *******s when power outages and therefore a permanent magnet-type non-volatile (Non - Volatile)
C - memory caches
And used during the operation which is a cache of very high speed is used for storage
Provisional data and instructions to be retrieved many times during the operation of the data, which helps to speed operation.
• Processor: This is the most important components of the computer it is the task of execution of orders by computer Atlgaha; Among the criteria that
Taken into account to assess the efficiency of the computer is to know the availability and capabilities of the processor (processor) is located by the
• the definition of operating system
Operating system consists of an integrated set of software instructions that dominate and control the computer and the various units. It is generally a link between the user and the computer as well as between the computer and its accessories
• The operating system functionality:
1 - Control of work units and input and output.
2 - run programs and modules called from secondary storage to main memory,
3 - Coordination of communication between the computer and the software applications and help these programs to perform input operations
And output.
4 - Control in the operation of a range of programs at one time.
5 - the organization of the operations of the computer, leading to save time and increase the efficiency of computer
Some types of operating systems
1 - Operating System) DOS (
* The word is an abbreviation DOS Disk Operation System {any operating system disk} and called this
Name because most of the work includes the management of disk) Disk (, and disk files) Disk Files (
• The operating system and DOS operating systems of the most prevalent personal computers ... because the system adopted in PCs, IBM and compatible computers with them.
2 - Operating System) UNIX (
• started using the system) UNIX (in 1969 on large appliances) Minif (and medium-sized (MINICOMPUTER)) was amended recently to work on personal computers (PC.Compute)
And is one of the most powerful operating systems in that it depends on the fragmentation of programs designed to separate small programs which facilitates separation of any program or add a new program

كيف نتصرف في حالة حدوث خلل للجهاز؟
How to act when a problem occurs to the device.
• You must first agree on several principles to be an expert maintenance.
You must first know knowledge of computer components and function of each part of the system computer.
You must know the internal configuration of each component separately
You must also know how to handle these parts with each other.
Learn some common problems.
Follow the scientific method in solving problems.
And of course the most important element is the personal experience.
• To learn how to:
• solve the computer problems you should know that the computer is a machine follow a set of commands issued by the you have or set of commands stored in memory, and these commands is the command sequence is executed behind some of it is not a person in control of his actions, so the problems are limited to the reasons limited and known.
For example, when you start the computer begins to implement command set stored recalls:
Begins, for example, first connect the electricity to the device components
And then begins to read the components connected to it who shall communicate Balramat
And then begins to communicate Pkart screen and hard drive and keyboard ,,,,,
And if it passes this stage successfully - able to communicate with all the ingredients - starts to download the operating system that lets you give commands to the device and so on ... and if there is any error in one of these stages depends device either to tell you that he had failed, for example to read the hard drive tells him you are to stop until the fix the problem or complete the execution of orders.
This simple explanation but you should pay attention to the computer and the theory of his work well.
• How to act when a problem occurs?
Identify the component that has the problem occurs, either of the messages that will appear on the screen such as KeyBoard Not Found or sounds made by the device, such as whistles.
Determine the stage show where the problem is when you start the device, or exactly when you load the operating system or after downloading and so on.
Identify phenomena and other evidence that occur with this problem.
Determine the events that occurred before the emergence of the exact problem.
تعريف الانترنيت
Internet [1], a system and a means of connection of computer networks that connects computers around the world united by the Protocol is a protocol for the Internet. Linking the Internet to the millions of private and public networks in academic and governmental institutions, businesses, and vary in scope between local and global, and related techniques are different, of copper wire and fiber optic and wireless links, and vary these networks in its internal technical and administrative, as managed in isolation from the other decentralized and does not rely on any of them run on the others.

With today's Internet a great deal of data and services, which is perhaps the most popular pages today's high-texts published on the web, as it carries the services and applications such as mail and other communication services, messaging, and file transfer protocols. And voice dialing, and others.

[داعي الله ياسين]

الأنترنت

نسخة بالإنجليزية


Internet is a group of connected computer networks, which includes computers linked around the world, and that the exchange of data between them by switching packets following the standardized Internet Protocol (IP). Internet offers many services such as the World Wide Web (Web), and communication technologies, and e-mail, and file transfer protocols FTP. The Internet is a phenomenon of today's social and cultural impact in all parts of the world, and has led to change the traditional concepts of several such areas as employment, education, trade and the emergence of another form of the information society.

http://www.almakan.net/vb/imgcache/8274.png


Definition of the Internet


Internet name in English (English: Internet) consists of the prefix inter means "between" and the word net means "network", the "network interfaces" and the name sign on the structure of the Internet as "a network of networks" or network of networks " (in English: a network of networks), or (in English: interconnected networks), and with this has spread error in the Arab media called "the international network of information", thinking that the section inter in the name is a shortcut word "international" which means "international".

As its name implies, the Internet is a network between multiple networks managed in isolation from the others are decentralized and do not depend in any of them run on the others, may also be used internally in each computer and network technologies are different, and what unites them is These networks communicate through gates linked by a common standard is a protocol Protocol on the Internet.

And with this in the current era used the vast majority of the component networks of the Internet Protocol Internet internally, due to the technical features and because of the accumulated experience in the operation and maintenance, and also because of the prevalence of hardware and operating systems that implement this protocol and is supported in principle.

Technology of computer networks and the Internet


https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZt4tNbfG6JsIrfehjnJ4J5myGeORA6 Znw4VWyX316ijGONys1


Internet or expresses sometimes abbreviated "network" as the English call the users of The Net. Is not what they seem at first glance, the Internet depends what is known in the science of network design as a "design a simple," because the Internet is doing a single initial, simple, and it is the delivery of a digital message between two nodes each address a distinguished road "storage and scroll" store and forward between the holding of many between the sending node and receiving node, and so can not predict in advance the path that will take him the message across the network as the message can be divided into parts each of which take a different path and arrive in the order of their original order, which is to be on the receiving node rearranges the message.

Do not put the Internet any prior assumptions about the nature of the message and its ******* or purpose of sending them or how to use them and do not try to make any handlers on the message or ******* is what it takes to be sent between the two points. All the "intelligence" of the virtual network is shown in fact in the application layer above the transport layer, and all value added in the work of the network lies on the edges and not in her heart, which consists of marches (routers) do not distinguish between messages, whether it carries a message mailing, or stream video, or data for any application or service based on the Internet.

On this infrastructure to deliver data based many applications such as mail and file transfer and the flow of video and audio, and chat and chat, and many others, and can thus transfer of any digital data.

Inter Nate in itself does not contain information, but rather is a means to transfer the information stored in files or documents in a computer automated to a computer to another. It is therefore common mistake to say that the information found on the Internet and the information is correct to say that I found through the use of the Inter Nate.

From the beginning the Internet was designed to be resistant to the crash. The most important element is free from the master node or place a major traffic lines have to do. Thus, there are a number of alternative lines when sending your information over the network and determine the way only when the transfer of information depending on the vacancy of the line pressure and disruption of the line when another line is being used for. However, this decentralization of the technical side is not followed on the management side of the network, so-called government of the Internet ICANN ICANN is the body supervising internationally to issue IP addresses and track indirectly to the United States of America, and is administered by the contract the main DNS in more countries in the world.


History of the Internet


The Internet was a result of the Arpanet project, launched in 1969, a project of the U.S. Department of Defense. This project was established to link universities and research institutions to exploit the optimal computational capabilities of computers available.

In the first of January 1983 and replaced the United States Department of Defense NCP protocol in force in the network and replaced it by the Protocol of TCP / IP. Of the things that contributed to the growth of the network is to link the "National Science Foundation" Universities United States to each other, which facilitated the process of communication between university students and exchange of electronic messages and information, to enter the universities to the grid, took the network in the expansion and progress and taken it college students contribute their knowledge and saw the light browser "Mosaic", and the researcher "Gopher" and "Archie," but rather that the giant company, "Netscape" is originally from the efforts of the students before they adopted the commercial mind and lead them to what it later.

Does not have the engineers who planned the network in its infancy, the lowest figure out what led to the network today, and attributed its success today, the giant of decentralization of the network or in other words, no one party controls the course of events on the network. Governs the network protocol to communicate and decide which are the work of this Protocol, "Internet engineers" are independently examine and decide what kinds of protocol applicable to various network services (HTTP, FTP, IRC), etc. ..

Architects of the Internet are the success factors of a network where the public and open for all to give any opinion. Without the Internet, I would sit at home and read this article and for its many large companies that exist today that rely on providing services in the Internet.

Not going to use the Internet extensively until the early nineties of the twentieth century, although Tovralttabiqat basic guidelines that make it possible to use the Internet and has existed for nearly a decade. On 6 August / August 1991, and in the European laboratory for particle physics and CERN, which is located on the border between France and Switzerland, the publication of the draft Alaalmihaloib network and which was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

There developed a browser for the Web violawww, based on the hypercard. To the right web browser "Mosaic" MOSAIC. In 1993, the National Center for supercomputing applications at the University of Illinois has released version 1.0 of the MOSAIC "Mosaic", and by late 1994 there was a marked increase in the public interest in what was formerly the interest of academics only. By 1996 use of the word has become the Internet has become common, and therefore, it was a cause of confusion in the use of the word Internet as a signal to the network Alaalmihaloib.

In the meantime, over the decade, the use of Internet steadily. During the nineties, it was estimated that the Internet has increased by 100% annually, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997. This growth is often due to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, and also because of the property open for Internet protocols, which encourages individuals and companies to develop Systems and sold it also prevents one company from exercising too much control over the network.

Common uses of the Internet


E-mail

https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRPS6UgQWSYRQz_4r7uUsmPMYqQCy5Mz J-w899XQWxfGhjc7WZy

E-mail (in English: Electronic Mail and abbreviated to E-Mail) is the term given to send text messages between the groups in the electronic *****alent method to send messages and notebooks before the advent of the Internet. Even in the present day, it is important to distinguish between e-mail Internet Internet E-mail and internal e-mail Internal E-mail. After all, the Internet mail may be transmitted and stored in the form of non-encrypted networks and other devices outside the control of both the sender and receiver. During this period (transition period) of the possible *******s of the mail to be read and tampered with by third-party through a Third Party, if the mail was a measure of importance. Internal e-mail systems where data does not leave the company or enterprise networks, the most secure.


The World Wide Web
A lot of people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or Web only) that they are similar or the same thing. But in fact the two terms is synonymous. Internet is a collection of computer networks connected together by copper wire and fiber optic cables and wireless connections Wireless and so on. On the contrary, the web is a collection of documents and related sources together, linked with each other through high-links Hyperlinks and Internet addresses, URLs. Otherwise, the global network one of the services that can be accessed through the Internet, like e-mail, file sharing, File Sharing, and others.

Programs that can access web resources called the User Agent User Agent. In the normal case, web browsers such as Internet Explorer Internet Explorer or Firefox Firefox you access web pages and enables the user to roam from page to page via hyperlinks. Web page can contain almost a combination of computer data, including photographs, graphics Graphics, audio, text, video, multimedia and interactive *******s Interactive *******s including games and more.


Remote login
Internet allows computer users to contact with computers and other information stores easily, regardless of place of the world. This is known as remote access Remote Access. Can be done without the use of techniques that protect or encrypt or document Authentication. This encourages new types of domestic work, and information sharing in many industries.


Cooperative systems
We have the low cost of communication over the Internet and exchange of ideas and knowledge, and skills to the development of collaborative work dramatically and the emergence of cooperative systems. Is not possible to just connect a cheap and widely through the Internet, but allows for groups with similar interests can create cross-site easily. An example is the free software movement in software development, which produced a system for Linux and GNU GNU from scratch and took over development of Mozilla and OpenOffice.org (formerly known as Netscape Communicator and Star Office). Films such as Zeitgeist Zeitgeist has had extensive coverage on the Internet, while being almost ignored in the mainstream media.

Online chatting, and whether in the form of IRC channels, or Channels, or through instant messaging allows colleagues to stay in touch through a very convenient way of working at their computers all the time. The exchange of files, whether they contain images or voice any other type of files and supports the joint work between team members.

Control systems allow to release copies of joint working groups and Amlhaly sets of documents of cooperation in their work. Thus, to avoid being clear what was written by a colleague inadvertently and that every team members collaborating to create each of the documents and add their ideas and add the changes.

There is currently no other systems in this area, such as Google Calendar google calendar, or BSCW system or SharePoint Microsoft. Sharepo


Voice (VoIP)
Voice over IP VOIP depends on the transfer of sound through the Internet Protocol. This phenomenon began as a choice and utility systems, IRC chat for the transfer of sound in one direction. Spread in recent years many VoIP systems have also become easy to use and comfortable as standard telephone. These regimes is the use of the Internet promising cost much less than regular phone call, especially for long distances.

The sound quality is still often vary from floor to floor and you'll need a few time until the same quality as organs of conventional telephone. VoIP is becoming increasingly popular in the world of play, as a form of communication between the players. Of the most popular systems in the field of voice over the Internet is a system *****


Service feed
Service feed is a service that was able to follow what comes in the ********s provided by the-go without the need to rotate them to visit in order to verify whether the new has been published by, and it is not the way that prevailed in advance does not require actually on the site because the user is requesting this type of ******* accidentally readers Feeds, whenever you want to phase operating the same which they operate, Web browsers, and does not require disclosure of any amount of personal data by the user of the site, not even an e-mail address, and this Valmtgm only where is the user, and you can not use it does not please him or imposed on it. Altgayma include in its simplest form a title and a summary of the subject, and a link to the full text of the news on the topic publisher. There are several formats for the dissemination of Feeds, including RSS and Atom and RDF.


Internet Marketing

Internet has become a large market for companies, large companies have inflated some of the work that took advantages of low cost of advertising and trade online, which is known as e-commerce E-Commerce. It is considered the fastest way to disseminate information to a large number of individuals. As a result, the work of the Internet revolution in the world of shopping. As an example, a person can be asked to buy a compact disc online will had received via regular mail within two days, or can be downloaded directly via the internet if possible. Internet has also facilitated the process of shopping profile, which allows a company to market a product for a particular person or group of people better than any ad center.

As examples of personal shopping, online communities, and entered by thousands of Internet users to declare themselves and hold friendships over the Internet. Since the users of these communities between the ages of 13 and 25 years old, when they declare themselves therefore they declare their hobbies and interests, and here, here you can online marketing companies use this information to advertise products that meet their desires and interests.


Internet use in the world


The number of Internet users in the world 1.319 billion people in December 2007, China is the first countries in the world in the number of Internet users, who numbered the 221 million in the month of Febraury 2008

[الجزائرية 2010]

ثوااااااااااااااااااااني فقط

[الجزائرية 2010]

اتبع الرابط التالي

http://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=765864 (http://www.djelfa.info/vb/showthread.php?t=765864)

[دعاء 13]

في هذا البحث لدي عناصر بليز قولولي كيفاش نرتبها
تعريف كمبيوتر
تعريف النت
كيفية فتح ايميل
استعمال برامج الحوار
الاخلاق التي يجب مراعتها عند استخدام النت
كيفية الاستفادة من الانترنات
كيف نتصرف في حالة حدوث خلل للجهاز؟

[الجزائرية 2010]

أختي حسب رأيي راهم منظمين

[دعاء 13]

merci okheti

[الجزائرية 2010]

بلا مزية

العفوو

[Asoun dz]

حنا طلبو منا أي حاجة متعلقة بالتواصل
درنا مشروع على شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي

[Asoun dz]

if u need it here I"ll upload it

[Asoun dz]

Social Networking service

It is an online service (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_service) site that focuses on building and reflecting of social relations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relation) among people who share interests or activities. It allowes users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks.It essentially contains a representation of each user ( a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_based) provide means for users to interact over the Internet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet), such as e-mail (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail) and instant messaging (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging). social network service usually means an individual-centered service.
The essential types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with ******** (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/********) and Twitter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) widely used worldwide, Nexopia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexopia) (Canada) , Bebo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo), VKontakte (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vkontakte), Hi5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi5_(website)), Hyves (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyves) (The Netherlands), Draugiem.lv (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draugiem.lv) (Latvia), StudiVZ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studivz) (Germany), iWiW (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWiW) (Hungary), Tuenti (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuenti) (Spain), Nasza-Klasa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasza-klasa.pl) ( Poland), Decayenne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decayenne), Tagged (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged), XING (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XING), Badoo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoo) and Skyrock (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrock) in parts of Europe; Orkut (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut) and Hi5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi5_(website)) in South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America) and Central America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America) and Mixi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixi), Multiply (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply_(website)), Orkut (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut), Wretch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wretch_(website)), renren (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renren) and Cyworld (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyworld) in Asia and the Pacific Islands and ********, Twitter, LinkedIn (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn) and Google+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B) are very popular in India. A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults used a social network.

History

The potential for computer networking (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking) to facilitate new forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on The Network Nation 2 by S. Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff (Addison-Wesley, 1978). Efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet), ARPANET (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET), LISTSERV (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISTSERV)…. Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also present in online services such as America Online (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Online), Prodigy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)), and CompuServe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe). Early social networking on the World Wide Web (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web) began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theglobe.com) (1995), Geocities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocities) (1994) and Tripod.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod.com) (1995). Many of these early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and encouraged users to share personal informations and ideas via personal WebPages by providing easy-to-use publishing tools and free or inexpensive webspace. Some communities - such as Classmates.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classmates.com) - took a different way by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_profile) became a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of "friends" and search for other users with similar interests. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced features for users to find and manage friends. This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence of SixDegrees.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SixDegrees.com) in 1997,[/URL] followed by Makeoutclub (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service#cite_note-10) in 2000, Friendster (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendster) in 2002, and soon became part of the Internet mainstream. Friendster was followed by MySpace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace) and LinkedIn (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn) a year later, and finally, Bebo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo). proving popular for social networking (http://www.google.fr/search?hl=fr&rlz=1R2GGLL_frDZ335&biw=1024&bih=494&site=webhp&sa=X&ei=g2KoTvzxCcKSOsrz7QU&sqi=2&ved=0CBwQvwUoAQ&q=proving+the+popularity+in+social+networking&spell=1) sites , by 2005, MySpace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace) was reportedly getting more page views than Google (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google). ******** (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/********) launched in 2004, has since become the largest social networking site in the world. Today, there are over 200 active sites using a wide variety of social networking models
May 2011: Based on TNS research, the global average of who access daily the social networking sites accounts is 46 percent.
Social effect

Web based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Through e-mail and instant messaging, online communities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communities) are created where a gift economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy) is encouraged through cooperation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation). Information is particularly suited to gift economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy) so the information can be gifted at practically no cost. ******** (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/********) and other social networking tools are the object of scientific research. Scientists have begun to investigate the effects of social networking sites, investigating how such sites may play into issues of identity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)), privacy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy), , youth culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_culture), and education (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education). Many websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model which provide means for connecting with interested users and allow for the sharing of information and ideas in a digital environment. In 2011, HCL Technologies conducted research showed that 50% of British employers use social networking sites/services during office hours.
Typical structure

Basics

Social networking sites share some conventional features. users are encouraged to create profiles containing different informations about themselves and upload pictures to their profiles, post blog for others to read, search for other users with similar interests, and compile and share lists of contacts. To protect user privacy, social networks usually have controls that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on…
Additional features

such as the ability to create groups (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)) that share common interests, upload or watch live videos, and hold discussions. Geosocial networking (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosocial_networking) provides Internet mapping services to organize user participation around geographic features . In most mobile communities, users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, hold private conversations, share photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. Some companies provide services which allow their customers to build their own mobile community
Social networks and education

Social networks are also being used by teachers and students as a communication tool. Teachers and professors are doing everything from creating chat-rooms and groups, upload tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom. Social networks are also being used in teacher-parent communication. These sites make it possible and more convenient for parents to ask questions and voice concerns without having to meet face-to-face The use of online social networks by libraries is also an increasingly prevalent and growing tool that is being used to communicate with more potential library users.
Social networks and employment

A final rise in social network use is being driven by college students using the services to network with professionals for internship and job opportunities. Many studies have been done on the effectiveness of networking online in a college setting.
Business model

Few social networks currently charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been established in customers' minds. Companies such as MySpace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace) and ******** (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/********) sell online advertising (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising) on their site. Their business model is based upon large membership count. Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently provide. Social networks operate under a business model. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where the consumers are agents.
Issues

Privacy

Privacy concerns (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services)u sers on the dangers of giving out too much personal information and the threat of sexual predators (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_predator). Users of these services also need to be aware of data theft (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_insecurity) or viruses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus). However, large services. In addition, there is a perceived privacy threat in relation to placing too much personal information in the hands of large corporations or governmental bodies. In medical and scientific research, asking subjects for information about their behaviors is normally strictly scrutinized by institutional review boards (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board), for example, to ensure that adolescents and their parents have informed consent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent). It is not clear whether the same rules apply to researchers who collect data from social networking sites. These sites often contain a great deal of data that is hard to obtain via traditional means. Even though the data are public, republishing it in a research paper might be considered invasion of privacy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy).
Data mining

Through data mining, companies are able to improve their sales and profitability. With this data, companies create customer profiles that contain customer demographics and online behavior.. ******** has been especially important to marketing strategists. ********’s controversial gives companies access to the millions of profiles in order to tailor their ads to a ******** user’s own interests and hobbies. However, rather than sell actual user information, ******** sells tracked “social actions”.
Notifications on websites

There has been a trend for social networking sites to send out only 'positive' notifications to users. For example sites such as Bebo, ********, and Myspace will not send notifications to users when they are removed from a person's friends list.
This allows users to purge undesirables from their list extremely easily and often without confrontation since a user will rarely notice if one person disappears from their friends list. It also enforces the general positive atmosphere of the website without drawing attention to unpleasant happenings such as friends falling out, rejection and failed relationships.
Access to information

Many social networking services, such as ********, provide the user with a choice of who can view their profile. This prevents unauthorized user(s) from accessing their information. Parents who want to access their child's MySpace or ******** account have become a big problem for teenagers who do not want their profile seen by their parents. By making their profile private, teens can select who may see their page, allowing only people added as "friends" to view their profile and preventing unwanted viewing of the profile by parents. Most teens are constantly trying to create a structural barrier between their private life and their parents.
Risk for child safety

the governments have been concerned about the users from children and teenagers of social networking services, particularly in relation to online sexual predators. A certain number of actions have been engaged by governments to better understand the problem and find some solutions. "the largest crimes against children case brought anywhere by anyone."
Interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication has been a growing issue as more and more people have turned to social networking as a means of communication. . Further, social networking sites have become popular sites for youth culture to explore themselves in relationships". A Privacy Paradox (http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/1394/1312#note4) Many teens and social networking users may be harming their interpersonal communication by using sites such as ******** and MySpace. the fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by noises and bright lights ………The convenience which social network sites give users to communicate with one another can also damage their interpersonal communication. “Networked, we are together, but so lessened are our expectations of each other that we feel utterly alone. And there is the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessed--and only for the parts we find useful, comforting, or amusing …Furthermore, social network sites can create insincere friendships, Turkle also noted, “They nurture friendships on social-networking sites and then wonder if they are among friends. They become confused about companionship ” .
Psychological effects of social networking

As social networking sites have risen in popularity over the past years, people have been spending so much of ther time on social networking sites and on the Internet in general.. social networking can foster feelings of sensitivity to disconnection, which can lead to loneliness.
Investigations

Use of social network websites in investigations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations)
Social networking services are being used in legal and criminal investigations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_investigation). Information posted on sites such as MySpace and ******** has been used by police and university officials. ******** is being used by school administrations and law enforcement agencies as a source of evidence against student users. The site, the number one online destination for college students, allows users to create profile pages with personal details. These pages can be viewed by other users from the same school which often include assistants and police who have signed up for the service. One UK (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK) police force has sifted pictures from ******** and arrested some people who had been photographed in a public place holding a weapon in a public place such as a knife .
Application domains

Government applications

Social networking is being used by various government agencies. Social networking tools serve as a quick and easy way for the government to get the opinion of the public and to keep the public updated on their activity. people can explore underground caves or explore the effects of global warming. Similarly, NASA has taken advantage of a few social networking tools, including Twitter (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) and Flickr (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr).
Business applications

The use of social networking services presents the potential of having a major impact on the world of business and work .Social networks connect people at low cost; These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services.
Dating applications

Many social networks provide an online environment for people to communicate and exchange personal information for dating purposes. Intentions can be :looking for a one time date, short-term relationships, or long-term relationships. . Many popular online dating services such as Match.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match.com), Yahoo Personals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Personals), and eHarmony.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHarmony.com) are seeing a decrease in users, where social networks like MySpace (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace) and ******** (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/********) are experiencing an increase in users. The number of Internet users in the U.S. that visit online dating sites has fallen from a peak of 21% in 2003 to 10% in 2006. So it is undeniable that social networking sites are quickly becoming the new way to find dates online.
Educational applications

The National School Boards Association (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Boards_Association) reports that almost 60 percent of students who use social networking talk about education topics online, more than 50 percent talk specifically about schoolwork. Social networks focused on supporting relationships between teachers and their students are now used for learning, educator professional development, and ******* sharing. Ning (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ning_(website)) for teachers, TermWiki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TermWiki), Learn Central, [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeachStreet"]TeachStreet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service#cite_note-79) and other sites are being built to foster relationships that include educational blogs, formal communities, as well as communication such as chats and discussions sites.
Social networks are also emerging as online yearbooks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook), both public and private. One such service is MyYearbook (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyYearbook) which allows anyone from the general public to register and connect.
Medical applications

Social networks are beginning to be adopted by healthcare professionals as a means to manage knowledge, and to highlight individual physicians and institutions. The role of social networks is especially of interest to pharmaceutical companies who spend approximately "32 percent of their marketing dollars" attempting to influence the opinion leaders of social networks. PatientsLikeMe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PatientsLikeMe) offers its members the chance to connect with others dealing with similar issues and research patient related to their condition. For alcoholics and addicts, SoberCircle gives people in recovery the ability to communicate with one another and strengthen their recovery through the encouragement of others who can relate to their situation. DailyStrength (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyStrength) is also a website that offers support groups .
Social and political applications

Social networking sites have recently showed a value in social and political movements. In the Egyptian revolution, ******** and Twitter both played a role in keeping people connected. Egyptian activist have credited social networking sites with providing a platform for planning protest and sharing news from Tahrir Square in real time. By presenting a platform for thousands of people to share videos of mainly events, social networking proves to be a vital tool in revolutions.


learn how to exercise your choice to share what you want with those you want, keep up with changes, and talk with others about information ,create a respectful place for you to discuss the importance of privacy.

give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected.
Millions of people use social network sites everyday to keep up with friends, upload an unlimited number of photos, share links and videos, and learn more about the people they meet.