sousou_88
2011-10-23, 11:58
الف مبروووووووووووووووووووووك :)
sandrillon
2011-10-23, 12:04
الف مبروك...هل ممكن ان تنشر قائمة الناجحين ...وجزاك الله خيرا
فريد صغور
2011-10-23, 13:27
الف مبرووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووو وووووووك والعقوبة لمازالو
هل ممكن ان تعطيني يا اخ حدود العدلات المقبولة في ماستر البرج
lamia1955
2011-10-23, 14:37
باركولي نجحت:d:d:d:d:d
mabroukkkkkkkkkkk achhal la moyenne ta3ek
عبد الحـق الجزائري
2011-10-23, 17:40
أولا مبارك عليك النجاح أخي
ثانيا : من يطلع على القائمة يجد بأن من بين الناجحين هناك من لديه معدل لا يتجاوز 10 بنما من لديه معدل 13 أو 12 غير مقبول
فهده مهزلة...فالله المستعان وإلى الله المشتكى
toufik ess-19
2011-10-23, 19:04
أولا مبارك عليك النجاح أخي
ثانيا : من يطلع على القائمة يجد بأن من بين الناجحين هناك من لديه معدل لا يتجاوز 10 بنما من لديه معدل 13 أو 12 غير مقبول
فهده مهزلة...فالله المستعان وإلى الله المشتكى
اخي انا معدلي 14 والحمد الله وانا كيما يقولو =حشيشة طالبة معيشة= منعرف معرفة ما والو وزيد راني حاير كيفاه قبلوني
جماعة برك قتلي على تلفون الي عندي قائمة يحطها اوك
AyOuB.KhAn
2011-10-23, 19:17
ياولدي راها ماستر برك، تولي تقري في الليسي برك؛ واذا طاروا وخلاوها يدو 2 أو 3 للدكتوراه اوكي جبيبي.
مبروك عليك ...........شفت المقارعة شحال صعيبة مي الفرحة شحااااااالللل زينة انا فت فنفس الموقف العام االلي فات .........ايه وجد روحك لمعاناة جديدة.......ومجددا الف مبروووووووووووككككككككك.................
ياولدي راها ماستر برك، تولي تقري في الليسي برك؛ واذا طاروا وخلاوها يدو 2 أو 3 للدكتوراه اوكي جبيبي.
اودي وصلها برك
toufik ess-19
2011-10-23, 19:28
اودي وصلها برك حنووووووووووووونيييييييي..............;)
:D:D:Dمنعرف في هدي لبللاد كاين غير الي يهبطو مرال اففففففففففف:mad:
toufik ess-19
2011-10-23, 19:31
اودي وصلها برك حنووووووووووووونيييييييي..............;)
:D:D:Dعندك الحق عبادنا يعرفو غير يهبطو مرال والله مفهمنا والو الي نديروها يقولو ناقصة كاين خير
ربي يفرج:mad:
ألف ألف مبروووووووووووووووووووووووووك
INTRODUCTION
Interest in the relationship between trade and the environment is not new. The effects of environmental regulation on trade have concerned economists and free trade advocates since the mid 1960s when governments in industrialized countries began to respond to public concems about levels of pollution and depletion of resources with environmental regulations and resource management plans. The regulatory diversity that resulted was a concern because of its potential to distort trade patterns and create trade barriers. It was not, however, until the late 1980s that environmentalists began to express concems that trade as an engine of growth caused
environmental degradation and that trade institutions and the trade agreements they administered threatened to disallow cherished laws for protecting the environment at home and in the commons beyond home. Public interest was galvanized by the anger of US environmentalists provoked by the TundDolphin Panel Report, released in the fall of 199 1, which disallowed a US ban on imports from Mexico as inconsistent with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
The United States had imposed the ban because Mexican tuna fleets failed to comply with US regulations designed to limit the incidental killing of dolphins in the course of taking tuna. The interest in examining the relationship between trade and the environment was renewed, this time with environmentalists as well as free trade advocates critically evaluating the relationship and the conflicts it engendered. This study examines the relationship between trade and the
environment, the purpose being to define a role for the World Trade Organization (WTO), the pre-eminent multilateral trade system, in protecting the environment. It is argued here that the WTO has a role to play in protecting the environment, while continuing to serve its foremost function as an institution committed to liberalizing trade: this role is to continue trade liberalization targeted at those market sectors where liberalization will be beneficial to the environment, to establish institutional mechanisms for managing both positive and negative effects of trade, and to reduce doctrinal barriers to environmental regulation.
This study approaches the task of defining a role for the WTO in protecting the
environment with the legal scholar's craft, which the eminent legal scholar Robert Hudec has described in these words: "The legal scholar's crafl begins with the identification and definition of the values underlying social conflict, and its principal focus is on sorting and weighing thenormative and institutional means for resolving such conflict."' Accordingly this study begins by examining the relationship between trade and the environment, identifying and defining the values underlying the economic case for free trade, on the one hand, and the environmental response to the case for free trade, on the other hand. This examination reveals several characteristics of the relationship between trade and the environment: trade has both positive and negative environmental effects; protectionist policies which distort trade patterns and the market's price mechanism can harm the environment, while vade liberalization reforms which remove these policies can have beneficial environmental effects; and trade liberalization without supplementary environmental policies will rarely guarantee optimum environmental protection. Out of these characteristics of the relationship between trade and environment emerge normative principles to guide the WTO in taking its role to protect the environment; the normative principles are aimed at enhancing the positive environmental effects of trade and mitigating the negative effects. The relationship between trade and environment is examined further, for the purpose of formulating a role for the WTO, through the jurisprudence which has emerged in settling trade and environment conflicts under the GATT and WTO dispute settlement process. The examination of the relationship between trade and environment culminates with an analysis of the discussions of GATT and WTO working groups on trade and environment issues; this analysis is used as a tool for predicting the direction in which the WTO can be expected to move in shaping a role for protecting the environment. The role of the WTO in protecting the
environment is defined then by the relationship between trade and the environment. This relationship is defined in turn, for the purpose of formulating the WTO's role in environmental protection, by four elements: the economic case for free trade, the environmental response to trade and trade institutions, GATT and WTO jurisprudence on conflicts between trade and environmental policies, and the discussions of GATT and WTO working parties on trade and environment issues. These elements are formative in defining a role for the WTO in protecting the environment.
The Chapters of this study are organized as follows. Chapter 1 begins the examinationof the relationship between trade and the environment by presenting the case for free trade. It briefly outlines the economic theory of international trade, which holds that economic activities pursued according to comparative advantage and international exchange result in improved global welfare. The gains from trade also yield environmental benefits: they help to lift regions of the world out of the poverty that devastates the environment and they contribute to an increase in the demand for improved environmental quality. Trade also contributes to the efficient al******** of environmental resources, including assimilative capacity, and it serves to
disseminate environmentally beneficial goods, services, and technologies. Eliminating tradegenerated activities would result in a significant sacrifice to global welfare and to the benefits
that accrue to the environment. Chapter 1 concludes that the WTO should adopt a course of action that enhances the environmental benefits of trade by maintaining an active research agenda investigating the environmental effects of trade liberalization, seeking ways to direct gains from trade to environmentd protection, and actively pursuing opportunities to integrate trade and environmental policies.
Chapter 2 continues to explore the relationship between trade and the environment by
presenting the environmental response to free trade, which focuses on the environmental hazards that the case for free trade harbours. These include the hazards of overstating the gains from trade: trade may not bring the wide-spread global benefits promised by the economic theory of comparative advantage in a world where capital is highly mobile; it is a blunt instrument for the efficient al******** of assimilative capacity; and international markets may fail to deliver timely, appropriate, and accessible technology for solving environmental problems. There are also hazards in the environmental degradation that accompanies trade-generated growth, in the risk to ecosystem resilience and biological diversity from specialization, in the increase in pollution from world-wide transportation of inputs and outputs, as well as in the burden imposed on the assimilative and regenerative capacity of ecosystems by the scale effects of trade. Finally, environmentalists are concerned that the WTO trading system also presents a hazard to the environment: there is the concern that high level environmental standards can be challenged under the WTO system as impermissible barriers to trade as well as the further concern that WTO rules discourage the use of trade restrictions to counteract transboundary pollution or to protect global resources. Chapter 2 concludes with suggestions for action that the WTO shouldtake to mitigate the negative environmental effects of trade: maintaining an active research agenda to determine whether the gains from trade outweigh the environmental hazards; establishing rules and institutional arrangements that allow for high level domestic
environmental protection while at the same time guarding against protectionism; and allowing the use of trade-restricting measures when these are taken pursuant to multilateral tnvironmental agreements, subject to review against criteria established by the WTO.
Chapter 3 analyses the GATT and WTO jurisprudence in the light of the concerns that
environmentalists have with the multilateral trading system to determine how these concerns have been treated under GATT and WTO law. The Chapter focuses, first, on the jurisprudence that scrutinizes domestic environmental regulations as barriers to trade and, secondly, on the jurisprudence that shows how the multilateral trading system fails to protect global resources.
The Chapter concludes with suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of WTO rules in sdeguarding the environment so that high level domestic environmental regulations need not be lowered unless they are protectionist in purpose or effect.
Chapter 4 examines how the GATT Group on Environmental Measures and Intemational trade and its successor, the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment contribute to defining a role for the WTO in protecting the environment. Since 1991 when the GATT Group on Environmental Measures and Intemational Trade (GATT Group) was reactivated after a twentyyear dormancy and then replaced, in 1995, with the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment (WTO Committee), members of the multilateral trading system have been meeting to discuss the relationship between trade and the environment. The topics of discussion, numerous and wideranging, fall into two themes: first, the tension between market access and environmental
measures that have an adverse effect on trade and, secondly, the linkages between the
multilateral agenda to protect global resources and the liberal policies of the multilateral trading system. Chapter 4 reviews the items on the work programme of the GAlT Group and the WTO Committee as they explore these two themes in order to gain an understanding of the concerns that members have about the relationship between the multilateral trading system and
environmental protection. The Chapter concludes with an assessment of the progress that has been made in defining a role for the WTO in protecting the environment, particularly in creating an environmental window for trade provisions used in international environmental agreementsChapter 5 provides a summary of how a role for the WTO in protecting the environment is being shaped by the economic theory of trade, the environmental response to trade and the multilateral trading system, GATT and WTO jurisprudence. as well as the GATT' and WTO working groups on trade and the environment. It ends with recommendations for defining a role for the WTO in preserving high level domestic environmental policies and in prdtecting global
resources.