أرجوووكنم أنا بحاجة ماسة إليكم

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

لدي بحث في الانجلزية يتناول موضوع " غابة الامازون " لقد وجدت في " ويكيبيديا " موضوعا شاملا مع الصور لكنه يحوي كلمات صعبة و غامضها ضف غلى ذلك ان الأستاذة قالت انها لن تصحح الانترنت و لن تقبل بعملية " القص و اللصق"
حاولت في الايام الفارطة تبسيط الموضوع و لكن دون جدوى
لذا من لديه موضوع مشابه و لكن يشترط أن يكون سهل سهل سهل فليضعه لي و ليكسب ثوابا عظيما من الله
و الله أنا في حاجة ماسة إليه
عناصر البحث:
تعريق غابة الامازون ( الموقع - المساحة - عدد أشجارها - الدول التي تغطيها .......
أصل كلمة أمازون
تاريخ الامازون
التنوع البيولوجي في غابة الامازون ( حيواناتها و نباتاتها)
الأخطار التي تهدد غابة الأمازون
الحلول الممكنة لحماية رئة العالم ( الأمازون )
و إن وجد أحدكم فيديو يتناول هذا الموضوع باللغة الانجليزية ( مشاهد من الغابة ....... ) فليضع رابطه هنا
و سأكون شاكرة للذي يساعدني ....
صح عيدكم

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

بليييييز حاولوا معي و لو بعنصر من العناصر

[ze.amine]

]غابات الأمازون
1- مقدمة

غابة أمطار الأمازون تمد ب 20 % من الأكسجين اللازم للتنفس و الحياة .
- نهر الامازون يدفع كمية ماء غزيرة تجاه المحيط .. مما يجعل اى انسان يتذوق و يشرب ماء عذب من على بعد 100 ميل المحيط الاطلنطى .
- حجم المياه فى نهر الامازون ] من حجم المياه مجتمعة فى ] ثمانى انهار اخري فى ] بما نهر النيل

2- ما هي غابات الأمازون

تقع غابات الأمازون في البرازيل في قارة أمريكا الجنوبية .
تعتبر غابات الأمازون الرئة تتنفس الأرض من خلالها فهي الغابة البكر في القارة يجري حاليآ الأعتداء السافر على هذه الغابات حيث يجري تجريف وقطع جائر
لأشجارها ونباتاتها لتحويلها إلى طرق سريعة ومدن سكنية ناهيك عن زراعة
المخدرات وانشاء معامل تصنيع وتحويل هذه المخدرات إلى سموم يتم تهريبها إلى أنحاء من خلال عصابات خطرة بمساعدة بعض الحكام و الدكتاتوريات .
و هي حاليّاً تتعرض لخطرٍ ، فقد قال علماء من البرازيل و الولايات المتحدة ان الاجتثات تتعرض له غابات الامازون مما كان متصورا بحوالي 60 بالمئة .
و انجز الفريق دراسة باستعمال تقنيات اكثر تطورا من سابقاتها تعتمد على
صور الاقمار الصناعية، مما مكنه من التقاط انشطة بشرية لم يكن رصدها ممكنا
من قبل
واكتشف العلماء مثلا ان مستغلي حطب الامازون ينتقون انواعا خاصة من الاشجار لجودة خشبها وقيمته، ويتركون الانواع الاخرى .
وقد رحبت الحكومة البرازيلية بالتقرير لكنها قالت ان الارقام مبالغ .

3- دراسة لوكالة ناسا

ويذكر ان اجتثات الاشجار في غابات الامازون كبير لدرجة تستحيل معها دراسته دون استعمال الاقمار الاصطناعية .
ولم تكن تبين بعض جوانب المشكلة ككون الحطابين يختارون اشجارا عالية القيمة كشجر الماهوجاني .
وقد استعان الباحثون بموارد الوكالة الامريكية للفضاء ناسا. وخلصت الدراسة إلى ان المناطق ] دمرت من غابات الامطار في الامازون بين 1999 و 2002 مما كان متوقعا بآلاف الكيلومترات المربعة .
كما تقول الدراسة ان كمية الكربون الناتجة عن الانشطة البشرية في الامازون بـ25 بالمئة، مما يكفي للمساهمة في الاحتباس الحراري .
واشاد المسؤولون البرازيليون بالدراسة لكونها سلطت الضوء على انتقاء اشجار دون غيرها، لكنهم قالوا ان هذه الارقام صعبة التصديق .
ويدعي الاعمال الذين يستغلون أخشاب الامازون ان قطع اشجار وترك اخرى اقل ضررا
للبيئة، لكن المدافعين عن البيئة يقولون ان بلوغ الاشجار العالية الجودة
يتطلب بناء طرق واحضار تجهيزات ثقيلة إلى قلب الغابات .
و أيضاً ، أحدث أسوأ جفاف منذ أكثر من 40 عاما أضرارا لأكبر غابات مطيرة في غابات الامازون
وأشعل حرائق في حوض نهر الامازون واصاب سكان المناطق المطلة على النهر
بأمراض بسبب تلوث مياه الشرب كما ادى لنفوق ملايين الاسماك بسبب جفاف
الجداول .
وقال دونيسفالدو ميندونكا دا سيلفا الصياد البالغ من العمر 33 عاما "الشيء
الفظيع بالنسبة لنا هو ان كل هذه الاسماك نفقت وعندما تعود المياه لن يكون اي مشكل

وفي الجوار تهتز اسماك الضاري في حركة متشنجة في مياه شديدة الضحالة هي ما
تبقى مما كان يوما نهر بارانا دي ماناكويري المتدفق أحد روافد الامازون.
وتتناثر الاف من الاسماك العفنة على طول ضفتيه الجافتين .
وأعلن حاكم امازوناس حالة الازمة في 16 بلدية حيث اثر الجفاف المستمر منذ شهرين على
سكان المناطق المطلة على النهر الذين لم يعد بمقدورهم العثور على الطعام
او بيع المحاصيل
ويلقي بعض العلماء باللوم على درجة حرارة المحيط المرتفعة بسبب ارتفاع درجة حرارة الارض والتي ترتبط بسلسلة اعاصير غير عادية مهلكة ضربت الولايات المتحدة وامريكا الوسطى في الاونة الاخيرة .
ويقول بعض العلماء ان الهواء المرتفع في شمال المحيط الاطلسي يغذي العواصف ربما سبب هبوط الهواء فوق الامازون ومنع تشكيل السحب وسقوط الامطار

4- حماية غابات الأمازون المطيرة

مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون *
تتمثل رؤية مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون في إنشاء مختلطة من المناطق المحمية حول المناطق الطبيعية المنتجة للحفاظ على السلامة الأيكولوجية للمنطقة على المدى الطويل.
يهدف المشروع إلى إضافة 28 مليون هيكتار في المناطق المحمية الجديدة
بولاية الأمازون البرازيلية على مدار العشر سنوات القادمة، بينما يساعد
على تعزيز
المناطق المحمية القائم. سيسفر ذلك عن وضع ما يصل مجملاً إلى 50 مليون
هيكتار من الأنظمة الأيكولوجية الحرجية في الأمازون تحت الحماية
والاستغلال المستدام- وهي مساحة في حجم أسبانيا.
يتم تنفيذ البرنامج على أطوار. يهدف الطور الأول (الجاري تنفيذه) إلى:
إنشاء 18 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة باستخدام نهج مختلط للحفظ
تعزيز المناطق المحمية القائمة وتلك أنشئت مؤخرًا
إنشاء وتفعيل صندوق لسد تكاليف المناطق المحمية المتكررة
إنشاء وتفعيل مراقبة وتقييم للتنوع البيولوجي
أما الطور الثاني فسيهدف إلى إنشاء 19 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة [ تخضع لحماية شديدة، وكذا تعزيز [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] المناطق المحمية القائمة ودعم استدامتها على المدى الطويل.
ويذكر أن مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون حقق عددًا من النتائج وهي:
إصدار مرسوم بإنشاء 15 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة
إنشاء صندوق يعنى بالمناطق المحمية ومنحه 8 مليون دولار
إقامة علاقات بين المشروع وأصحاب المصالح الأساسيين عبرالأمازون البرازيلية
إعداد عمليات تسمح بوصول التمويلات إلى المناطق المحمية المعزولة

الخاتمة :

ا: ينوه المسح
أشرفت عليه الأقمار الصناعية، لحد اليوم، بأن مساحة غابة الأمازون تتقلٌص
حوالي 15.000 كيلومترا مربعا، في السنة، نتيجة صناعة الخشب المستخرج من
أشجارها والأعمال الزراعية الأخرى.
وفي الحقيقية، يشير آخر بحث أشرف عليه العلماء الأميركيون الى أن سطح
الغابة، المدمٌر سنويا، يصل الى الضعف أو 30.000 كيلومترا مربعا، بسبب
الإسقاط الانتقائي لبعض أنواع الأشجار المعمٌرة مثل شجرة الماهوغاني.
هكذا، عزز فريق الباحثين، في جامعة ستانفورد، بصورة ملموسة طرائق المراقبة
بالأقمار الصناعية، عبر برمجة جديدة قادرة على رصد أدنى الأضرار الملحقة
بغابة الأمازون، حتى تلك المتعلقة بإسقاط شجرة واحدة، وهو أمر يبدو ظاهريا
دون أهمية لكنه يشكل خطرا جديا، من الناحية البيئية.
ولو نظرنا جيدا، يلحق نقل كل شجرة الضرر ببقية الأشجار المجاورة كما أن الأوراق المتهاوية تعتبر السبب الرئيسي للحرائق والتآكل.

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

]غابات الأمازون
1- مقدمة

غابة أمطار الأمازون تمد ب 20 % من الأكسجين اللازم للتنفس و الحياة .
- نهر الامازون يدفع كمية ماء غزيرة تجاه المحيط .. مما يجعل اى انسان يتذوق و يشرب ماء عذب من على بعد 100 ميل المحيط الاطلنطى .
- حجم المياه فى نهر الامازون ] من حجم المياه مجتمعة فى ] ثمانى انهار اخري فى ] بما نهر النيل

2- ما هي غابات الأمازون

تقع غابات الأمازون في البرازيل في قارة أمريكا الجنوبية .
تعتبر غابات الأمازون الرئة تتنفس الأرض من خلالها فهي الغابة البكر في القارة يجري حاليآ الأعتداء السافر على هذه الغابات حيث يجري تجريف وقطع جائر
لأشجارها ونباتاتها لتحويلها إلى طرق سريعة ومدن سكنية ناهيك عن زراعة
المخدرات وانشاء معامل تصنيع وتحويل هذه المخدرات إلى سموم يتم تهريبها إلى أنحاء من خلال عصابات خطرة بمساعدة بعض الحكام و الدكتاتوريات .
و هي حاليّاً تتعرض لخطرٍ ، فقد قال علماء من البرازيل و الولايات المتحدة ان الاجتثات تتعرض له غابات الامازون مما كان متصورا بحوالي 60 بالمئة .
و انجز الفريق دراسة باستعمال تقنيات اكثر تطورا من سابقاتها تعتمد على
صور الاقمار الصناعية، مما مكنه من التقاط انشطة بشرية لم يكن رصدها ممكنا
من قبل
واكتشف العلماء مثلا ان مستغلي حطب الامازون ينتقون انواعا خاصة من الاشجار لجودة خشبها وقيمته، ويتركون الانواع الاخرى .
وقد رحبت الحكومة البرازيلية بالتقرير لكنها قالت ان الارقام مبالغ .

3- دراسة لوكالة ناسا

ويذكر ان اجتثات الاشجار في غابات الامازون كبير لدرجة تستحيل معها دراسته دون استعمال الاقمار الاصطناعية .
ولم تكن تبين بعض جوانب المشكلة ككون الحطابين يختارون اشجارا عالية القيمة كشجر الماهوجاني .
وقد استعان الباحثون بموارد الوكالة الامريكية للفضاء ناسا. وخلصت الدراسة إلى ان المناطق ] دمرت من غابات الامطار في الامازون بين 1999 و 2002 مما كان متوقعا بآلاف الكيلومترات المربعة .
كما تقول الدراسة ان كمية الكربون الناتجة عن الانشطة البشرية في الامازون بـ25 بالمئة، مما يكفي للمساهمة في الاحتباس الحراري .
واشاد المسؤولون البرازيليون بالدراسة لكونها سلطت الضوء على انتقاء اشجار دون غيرها، لكنهم قالوا ان هذه الارقام صعبة التصديق .
ويدعي الاعمال الذين يستغلون أخشاب الامازون ان قطع اشجار وترك اخرى اقل ضررا
للبيئة، لكن المدافعين عن البيئة يقولون ان بلوغ الاشجار العالية الجودة
يتطلب بناء طرق واحضار تجهيزات ثقيلة إلى قلب الغابات .
و أيضاً ، أحدث أسوأ جفاف منذ أكثر من 40 عاما أضرارا لأكبر غابات مطيرة في غابات الامازون
وأشعل حرائق في حوض نهر الامازون واصاب سكان المناطق المطلة على النهر
بأمراض بسبب تلوث مياه الشرب كما ادى لنفوق ملايين الاسماك بسبب جفاف
الجداول .
وقال دونيسفالدو ميندونكا دا سيلفا الصياد البالغ من العمر 33 عاما "الشيء
الفظيع بالنسبة لنا هو ان كل هذه الاسماك نفقت وعندما تعود المياه لن يكون اي مشكل

وفي الجوار تهتز اسماك الضاري في حركة متشنجة في مياه شديدة الضحالة هي ما
تبقى مما كان يوما نهر بارانا دي ماناكويري المتدفق أحد روافد الامازون.
وتتناثر الاف من الاسماك العفنة على طول ضفتيه الجافتين .
وأعلن حاكم امازوناس حالة الازمة في 16 بلدية حيث اثر الجفاف المستمر منذ شهرين على
سكان المناطق المطلة على النهر الذين لم يعد بمقدورهم العثور على الطعام
او بيع المحاصيل
ويلقي بعض العلماء باللوم على درجة حرارة المحيط المرتفعة بسبب ارتفاع درجة حرارة الارض والتي ترتبط بسلسلة اعاصير غير عادية مهلكة ضربت الولايات المتحدة وامريكا الوسطى في الاونة الاخيرة .
ويقول بعض العلماء ان الهواء المرتفع في شمال المحيط الاطلسي يغذي العواصف ربما سبب هبوط الهواء فوق الامازون ومنع تشكيل السحب وسقوط الامطار

4- حماية غابات الأمازون المطيرة

مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون *
تتمثل رؤية مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون في إنشاء مختلطة من المناطق المحمية حول المناطق الطبيعية المنتجة للحفاظ على السلامة الأيكولوجية للمنطقة على المدى الطويل.
يهدف المشروع إلى إضافة 28 مليون هيكتار في المناطق المحمية الجديدة
بولاية الأمازون البرازيلية على مدار العشر سنوات القادمة، بينما يساعد
على تعزيز
المناطق المحمية القائم. سيسفر ذلك عن وضع ما يصل مجملاً إلى 50 مليون
هيكتار من الأنظمة الأيكولوجية الحرجية في الأمازون تحت الحماية
والاستغلال المستدام- وهي مساحة في حجم أسبانيا.
يتم تنفيذ البرنامج على أطوار. يهدف الطور الأول (الجاري تنفيذه) إلى:
إنشاء 18 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة باستخدام نهج مختلط للحفظ
تعزيز المناطق المحمية القائمة وتلك أنشئت مؤخرًا
إنشاء وتفعيل صندوق لسد تكاليف المناطق المحمية المتكررة
إنشاء وتفعيل مراقبة وتقييم للتنوع البيولوجي
أما الطور الثاني فسيهدف إلى إنشاء 19 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة [ تخضع لحماية شديدة، وكذا تعزيز [ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] المناطق المحمية القائمة ودعم استدامتها على المدى الطويل.
ويذكر أن مشروع المناطق المحمية في الأمازون حقق عددًا من النتائج وهي:
إصدار مرسوم بإنشاء 15 مليون هيكتار من المناطق المحمية الجديدة
إنشاء صندوق يعنى بالمناطق المحمية ومنحه 8 مليون دولار
إقامة علاقات بين المشروع وأصحاب المصالح الأساسيين عبرالأمازون البرازيلية
إعداد عمليات تسمح بوصول التمويلات إلى المناطق المحمية المعزولة

الخاتمة :

ا: ينوه المسح
أشرفت عليه الأقمار الصناعية، لحد اليوم، بأن مساحة غابة الأمازون تتقلٌص
حوالي 15.000 كيلومترا مربعا، في السنة، نتيجة صناعة الخشب المستخرج من
أشجارها والأعمال الزراعية الأخرى.
وفي الحقيقية، يشير آخر بحث أشرف عليه العلماء الأميركيون الى أن سطح
الغابة، المدمٌر سنويا، يصل الى الضعف أو 30.000 كيلومترا مربعا، بسبب
الإسقاط الانتقائي لبعض أنواع الأشجار المعمٌرة مثل شجرة الماهوغاني.
هكذا، عزز فريق الباحثين، في جامعة ستانفورد، بصورة ملموسة طرائق المراقبة
بالأقمار الصناعية، عبر برمجة جديدة قادرة على رصد أدنى الأضرار الملحقة
بغابة الأمازون، حتى تلك المتعلقة بإسقاط شجرة واحدة، وهو أمر يبدو ظاهريا
دون أهمية لكنه يشكل خطرا جديا، من الناحية البيئية.
ولو نظرنا جيدا، يلحق نقل كل شجرة الضرر ببقية الأشجار المجاورة كما أن الأوراق المتهاوية تعتبر السبب الرئيسي للحرائق والتآكل.

بارك الله فيك
ولكني أحتاج البحث باللغة الانجليزية
شكرا جزيلا

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

هيا ساعدوني راني حااااااصة
ما تخرجوش من هنا قبل ما تكتبولي كاش حاجة ربي يخلليكم

[imane ha]

تفضلي اختي بحث غابة الامازون بالانجليزية
The Amazon rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي): Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي): Selva Amazónica or Amazonia), also known as Amazonia, or the Amazon jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) that covers most of the Amazon Basin (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) of South America (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). This basin encompasses seven million square kilometers (1.7 billion acres (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)), of which five and a half million square kilometers (1.4 billion acres) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) with 13%, and with minor amounts in Colombia (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Venezuela (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Ecuador (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Bolivia (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Guyana (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Suriname (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), and French Guiana (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). States or departments in four nations bear the name Amazonas (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) after it. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), and it comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) in the world.
The Amazon rainforest was short-listed in 2008 as a candidate to one of the New7Wonders of Nature (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) by the New Seven Wonders of the World (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Foundation. As of February 2009 the Amazon was ranking first in Group E, the category for forests, national parks and nature reservesEtymology


The name Amazon is said to arise from a war which Francisco de Orellana (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) had with a tribe of Tapuyas (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and other tribes from South America. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was the custom among the entire tribe.[2] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Orellana's descriptions may have been accurate, but a few historians speculate that Orellana could have been mistaking indigenous men wearing "grass skirts (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)" for women.[citation needed (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)] Orellana derived the name Amazonas from the ancient Amazons (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) of Asia (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and Africa (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) described by Herodotus (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and Diodorus (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) in Greek (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) legends.[2] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Another etymology for the word suggests that it came originally from a native word amazona (Spanish spelling) or amassona (Portuguese spelling), meaning "destroyer (of) boats", in reference to the destructive nature of the root system possessed by some riparian plants.

History


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paleogene-EoceneGlobal.jpg/180px-Paleogene-EoceneGlobal.jpg (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Earth during the Eocene



The rainforest likely formed during the Eocene (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) era, following the evolutionary appearance of angiosperm (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) plants. It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the Atlantic Ocean (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rain forest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of savanna (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)-type biomes (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) during that time period.[3] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[4] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Following the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), the extinction of the dinosaurs (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 65–34 Mya (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), the rainforest extended as far south as 45° (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band that lay mostly above latitude 15°N (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). It expanded again during the Middle Miocene (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي).[5] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.[6] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) across the Amazonas Basin (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). As the Andes (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.[7] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[8] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.[9] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) separated by open forest and grassland;[10] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today.[11] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
Based on archaeological evidence from an excavation at Caverna da Pedra Pintada, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago.[12] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by 1250 CE, which induced alterations in the forest cover.[13] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Biologists believe that a population density of 0.2 persons/km2 is the maximum that can be sustained in the rain forest through hunting. Hence, agriculture is needed to host a larger population.[14] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) in 1542.[15] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Biodiversity


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg/180px-Giant_Waxy_Monkey_Frog.jpg (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest threatens many species of tree frogs, which are very sensitive to environmental changes (pictured: Giant leaf frog (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي))



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg/140px-Ara_macao_-_two_at_Lowry_Park_Zoo.jpg (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Scarlet Macaw (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), which is indigenous to the American tropics.



Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), and tropical forests in the Americas (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and Asia (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي).[16] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). One in ten known species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.[17] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world.
The region is home to about 2.5 million insect (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)species (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي),[18] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) tens of thousands of plants (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), and some 2,000 birds (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and mammals (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 3,000 fish, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region.[19] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone.[20] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
The diversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometer may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. One square kilometer of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes ha−1.[21] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued.[22] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
The green leaf area of plants and trees in the rainforest varies by about 25% as a result of seasonal changes. Leaves expand during the dry season when sunlight is at a maximum, then undergo abscission in the cloudy wet season. These changes provide a balance of carbon between photosynthesis and respiration.[23] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the Black Caiman (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), Jaguar (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and Anaconda (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). In the river, electric eels (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while Piranha (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) are known to bite and injure humans.[24] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Various species of poison dart frogs (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) secrete lipophilic (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)alkaloid (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors. Vampire bats (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) virus.[25] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Malaria (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), yellow fever (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and Dengue fever (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) can also be contracted in the Amazon region.

Deforestation


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg/200px-Amazon_Rainforest-bird_site.jpg (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Amazon Rainforest



Main article: Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Deforestation (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and development of the land.[26] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact.[27] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Farms established during the 1960s was based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and weed (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) invasion.[28] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) The soils in the Amazon are productive for just a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land.[28] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage.[29] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.
Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 km2, with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle.[30] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي).[31] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[32] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) In addition, Brazil (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) is currently the second-largest global producer of soybeans (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) after the United States (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). The needs of soy farmers have been used to validate many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rain forest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km2 per year).[33] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) At the current rate, in two decades the Amazon Rainforest will be reduced by 40%.[ (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)

Conservation and climate change


See also: Gaviotas (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
Environmentalists are concerned about the loss of biodiversity which will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) contained within the vegetation (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), which could accelerate global warming (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي). Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems[35] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon.[36] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.[36] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
One computer model (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) of future climate change (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) caused by greenhouse gas (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) emissions shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100.[37] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[38] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) However, simulations of Amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response, ranging from weak increases to strong decreases.[39] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.
In 1989, environmentalist C.M. Peters and two colleagues stated there is economic as well as biological incentive to protecting the rainforest. One hectare in the Peruvian Amazon (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) has been calculated to have a value of $6820 if intact forest is sustainably harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainably harvested); or $148 if used as cattle pasture.[40] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), such as in the Peruvian Amazon (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[41] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)indigenous peoples (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between nonhuman primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as has ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.
From 2002 to 2006, the conserved land in the Amazon Rainforest has almost tripled and deforestation rates have dropped up to 60%. About 1,000,000 square kilometres (250,000,000 acres) have been put onto some sort of conservation, which adds up to a current amount of 1,730,000 square kilometres (430,000,000 acres

Remote sensing


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/180px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
This image reveals how the forest and the atmosphere (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) interact to create a uniform layer of “popcorn” clouds (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي).



The use of remotely sensed (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) data is dramatically improving conservationists' knowledge of the Amazon Basin. Given the objectivity and lowered costs of satellite-based land cover analysis, it appears likely that remote sensing technology will be an integral part of assessing the extent and damage of deforestation in the basin.[43] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Furthermore, remote sensing is the best and perhaps only possible way to study the Amazon on a large-scale.[44] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)
The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) devices and programs like Google Earth (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims.[45] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, which make their territories easy targets for commercial poaching of natural resources. Through the use of cheap mapping technology, the Trio Tribe hopes to protect its ancestral land.
In order to accurately map the biomass of the Amazon and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006 Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: (1) mature forest, (2) regenerating forest [less than three years], (3) regenerating forest [between three and five years of regrowth], and (4) regenerating forest [eleven to eighteen years of continued development].[46] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) The researcher used a combination of Synthetic aperture radar (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) (SAR) and Thematic Mapper (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) (TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.

Impact of Amazon drought


In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) in 100 years,[47] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought.[48] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) A 23 July 2006 article in the UK newspaper The Independent (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) reported Woods Hole Research Center (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought.[49] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)[50] (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) Scientists at the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) argue in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "tipping point (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي) or desert (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي), the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.[ (http://www.magicworldz.com/و%20بالانجليزي)

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[aya2807]

سلام عليكم
يا ليتني استطيع المساعدة
و ا>ا وجدت لن ابخل عليك بالمعلومات
صح عيدكم

[chihebleroi]

ليس عندي اي معلومة اسف

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

بارك الله فيك أخي لأنك اطلعت على موضوعي
لا بأس المهم أنك حاولت معي
شكرا لك

أين البقية
ألا يوجد من لدية بحث بسيط عن غابة الأمازون

[tita_gas]

انت حاولي تلخصي المعلومات باسلوبك الخاص و راح يكون بحث في القمة ، اتمنى لك التوفيق اختي
تحياتي

[*أســيـــــرツالــبــســـمـــة*]

فريال مواضيعك كلها مالحقتش بها
وعلاه ماقلتيليش
من هنا و الفوق كي تحتاجي حاجة أطرحيها و أرواحي قوليلي عليها
أوكي؟
لا زم نقراو هاذ الفصل فريولة
ان شاء الله
19

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

اااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااه يا شعيب
كون تعرف واش صاير بيا

[tita_gas]

السلام عليكم

[*أســيـــــرツالــبــســـمـــة*]

راه ماصرا والو فريال
وعلاه واش صرا؟
كيوليتي لاباس برك هداك هو كلشي

[tita_gas]

كي ولالها عقلها برك

[_أمل جديد_]

مازلتي تحتاجيه فريال؟؟

[manel14]

The Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazonia, is one of the world's greatest natural resources. Because its vegetation continuously recycles carbon dioxide into oxygen, it has been described as the "Lungs of our Planet". About 20% of earth's oxygen is produced by the Amazon rainforest.
The Amazon rainforest gets its name from the Amazon River, the life force of the rainforest. The Amazon River begins in the Peruvian Andes, and winds its way east over the northern half of South America. It meets the Atlantic Ocean at Belem, Brazil. The main river is about 4,080 miles long. Its drainage basin covers 2,722,000 million square miles, and lies in the countries of Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, and the three Guyanas. Sixteen percent of all the world's river water flows through the Amazon delta. Twenty eight billion gallons of water flow into the Atlantic every minute, diluting the salinity of the ocean for more than 100 miles offshore. The Amazon rainforest watershed is home to the world's highest level of biodiversity.
Amazonia receives about 9 feet of rain every year. Fifty percent of this returns to the atmosphere through the foliage of trees. Most of the Amazon River's water comes from the annual snowmelt high in the Peruvian Andes. Between June and October, the water level rises by 30 to 45 feet. Tens of millions of acres of rainforest are covered by water as the flood advances, reaching as far inland from the main channel as 12 miles.
Some 15 million years ago, the Amazon River flowed westward into the Pacific Ocean. When the South American plate moved into another tectonic plate, the Andes Mountains slowly rose up and blocked the flow of the river. As the river system backed up, freshwater lakes were formed, and the environment of the Amazon basin changed drastically. Then about 10 million years ago the river found its way eastward towards the Atlantic.
The Amazon rainforest is the drainage basin for the Amazon River and its many tributaries. The northern half of the South American continent is shaped like a shallow dish. About 1,100 tributaries, seventeen of which are over 1,000 miles long, drain into this depression. Whenever rain falls in the river basin, it all drains into Amazon rainforest and into the Amazon River. The Amazon is the largest river system in the world. At some points, the Amazon River is one mile wide, while at other points it can be thirty-five miles wide. At Belem, where the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean, it can be 200 to 300 miles across, depending on the season. Some of the animals that make their home here are river otters, freshwater river dolphins, turtles, piranha, manatees, electric eels, and a remarkable, giant air-breathing fish called the piraracu.
The world's largest tropical rainforest, Amazonia covers more than half of Brazil. The canopy of Amazonia is less studied than the ocean floor. Scientists believe that the canopy may contain half of the world's species. Over 500 mammals, 175 lizards and over 300 other reptiles species, and one third of the world's birds live in Amazonia. It is estimated that about 30 million insect types can be found here. Competition for survival is fierce. This may explain why over millions of years of evolution so many highly adapted species have evolved in the canopy of Amazonia. The most intense competition is between animals and plants. Both plants and animals have made adaptations to defend themselves from being eaten, and to overcome these defensive systems. Plants trap sunlight and turn it into energy for themselves and the herbivores of the canopy.
Some animals found in the canopy are the harpy eagle, which preys on monkeys, kinkajous, sloth, reptiles, and other birds. Sloths spend most of their lives in the treetops. Their diet of low nutrition leaves forces them to conserve energy, causing the sloth to spend 80% of its life resting. A large portion of a howler monkey's diet consists of leaves, which are hard to digest. Their ****bolism is so low that they need to warm themselves up in the sunlight after a chilly night. Leaf-cutter ants are responsible for harvesting a sixth of the area's leaves, bringing leaf fragments to their underground nests. They play a critical role in the rainforest's ecosystem by pruning the vegetation, which stimulates new growth, and breaking down the leaves to renew the soil.
The Amazon rainforest consists of four layers or communities. Each layer has unique ecosystems, plants, and animals adapted to that system. The emergent layer is the tallest layer, where trees can be as tall as 200 feet, and rise well above the canopy. Here they are exposed to fluctuation of temperature, wind, and rainfall. The leaves are small and covered with a thick waxy surface to hold water. They take advantage of the wind by developing winged seeds that are blown to other parts of the forest. Trunks can be up to 16 feet around and braced by massive buttress roots. Some of the animals find everything they need to survive in the emergent layer and never leave it.
The main layer of the rainforest is the canopy. Most canopy trees have smooth, oval leaves that come to a point, known as a drip tip. This allows water to flow off the leaf quickly and prevents the growth of fungi, mosses, and lichens. The canopy's leaves are very dense and filter out about 80% of the sunlight. Many flowers and fruits grow in this layer. Epiphytes cover every available surface and bromeliads provide drinking water for the many canopy creatures, and breeding pools for tree frogs.
The understory only gets about two to five percent of the available sunlight. The plants find unique ways to adapt to this shadowy existence. Their solar-collecting leaves grow large, and are dark green in color. They don't often grow more than 12 feet in height. Because there is very little air movement, they rely on insects and animals to pollinate their flowers. Some grow large flowers and fruits low on their trunks to allow larger, non-climbing animals to eat and disperse their fruit. The largest concentrations of insects inhabit this layer.
The forest floor is the lowest layer and almost no plants grow here. Only about 2% of the sunlight filters through. The floor is littered with decomposing vegetation and organisms that are broken down into usable nutrients. Many nutrients are locked into this biomass. Tree roots stay close to the surface to access these nutrients. Large animals forage for roots and tubers, while insects like millipedes, scorpions, and earthworms use the litter as a source of food.
Despite all of its abundant richness, Amazonia's giant trees grow in the poorest of soil. The top two inches of the acidic soil contains 99% of the nutrients. Nine tenths of the forest's energy is stored in the leaves and tissues of the trees themselves. The forest floor is a porous mass that prevents minerals and nutrients from being washed away and lost. As soon as a tree falls, or a creature dies, decomposers begin to turn it into a food source and mulch. The vegetation to renew the cycle quickly absorbs the nutrients that are released. This is the tightest, most efficient ecosystem in nature. The destruction of one part of the system can spell the destruction of the whole system.
High temperatures and the amount of rain are the same throughout the year in Amazonia. The climate is warm and humid, with average temperatures around 79° F. The difference between day and night time temperatures is greater than those between seasons.
Today, more than 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed and is gone forever. The land is being cleared for cattle ranches, mining operations, logging, and subsistence agriculture. Some forests are being burned to make charcoal to power industrial plants. More than half of the world's rainforests have been destroyed by fire and logging in the last 50 years. Over 200,000 acres are burned every day around the world, or over 150 acres every minute. Experts also estimate that 130 species of plants, animals, and insects are lost every day. At the current rate of destruction, it is estimated that the last remaining rainforests could be destroyed in less than 40 years.
Native peoples of the Amazon rainforest have used different plants for centuries as cures and potions for their health and survival. Scientists are now discovering that many of the plants are sources for new drugs for AIDS, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and Alzheimer's. Quinine, muscle relaxants, steroids, and caner drugs have already been discovered. Today 121 prescription drugs sold around the world come from plant-derived sources. Although 25% of all drugs are derived from rainforest ingredients, scientists have tested only 1% of tropical plants.
Another concern for Amazonia is the fate of it indigenous people. An estimated 10 million Indians were living in Amazonia about five hundred years ago. Today there are less than 200,000 indigenous peoples left in Amazonia. More than 90 tribes have been destroyed since the 1900's. Most of the shamans and medicine men remaining are 70 years old or more. With them goes a wealth of knowledge of medicinal species of plants and organisms.

[*أســيـــــرツالــبــســـمـــة*]

كي ولالها عقلها برك

بالسيف باه ولالها عقلها
راه راح سافر لليترونجي و ولا

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

ههههههههههه راكم تهدرو عليا و أنا ما علاباليش ماعلييييييييش

[فريال المحتاجة عفو الله]

the amazon rainforest, also known as amazonia, is one of the world's greatest natural resources. Because its vegetation continuously recycles carbon dioxide into oxygen, it has been described as the "lungs of our planet". About 20% of earth's oxygen is produced by the amazon rainforest.
the amazon rainforest gets its name from the amazon river, the life force of the rainforest. The amazon river begins in the peruvian andes, and winds its way east over the northern half of south america. It meets the atlantic ocean at belem, brazil. The main river is about 4,080 miles long. Its drainage basin covers 2,722,000 million square miles, and lies in the countries of brazil, columbia, peru, venezuela, ecuador, bolivia, and the three guyanas. Sixteen percent of all the world's river water flows through the amazon delta. Twenty eight billion gallons of water flow into the atlantic every minute, diluting the salinity of the ocean for more than 100 miles offshore. The amazon rainforest watershed is home to the world's highest level of biodiversity.
amazonia receives about 9 feet of rain every year. Fifty percent of this returns to the atmosphere through the foliage of trees. Most of the amazon river's water comes from the annual snowmelt high in the peruvian andes. Between june and october, the water level rises by 30 to 45 feet. Tens of millions of acres of rainforest are covered by water as the flood advances, reaching as far inland from the main channel as 12 miles.
some 15 million years ago, the amazon river flowed westward into the pacific ocean. When the south american plate moved into another tectonic plate, the andes mountains slowly rose up and blocked the flow of the river. As the river system backed up, freshwater lakes were formed, and the environment of the amazon basin changed drastically. Then about 10 million years ago the river found its way eastward towards the atlantic.
the amazon rainforest is the drainage basin for the amazon river and its many tributaries. The northern half of the south american continent is shaped like a shallow dish. About 1,100 tributaries, seventeen of which are over 1,000 miles long, drain into this depression. Whenever rain falls in the river basin, it all drains into amazon rainforest and into the amazon river. The amazon is the largest river system in the world. At some points, the amazon river is one mile wide, while at other points it can be thirty-five miles wide. At belem, where the river flows into the atlantic ocean, it can be 200 to 300 miles across, depending on the season. Some of the animals that make their home here are river otters, freshwater river dolphins, turtles, piranha, manatees, electric eels, and a remarkable, giant air-breathing fish called the piraracu.
the world's largest tropical rainforest, amazonia covers more than half of brazil. The canopy of amazonia is less studied than the ocean floor. Scientists believe that the canopy may contain half of the world's species. Over 500 mammals, 175 lizards and over 300 other reptiles species, and one third of the world's birds live in amazonia. It is estimated that about 30 million insect types can be found here. Competition for survival is fierce. This may explain why over millions of years of evolution so many highly adapted species have evolved in the canopy of amazonia. The most intense competition is between animals and plants. Both plants and animals have made adaptations to defend themselves from being eaten, and to overcome these defensive systems. Plants trap sunlight and turn it into energy for themselves and the herbivores of the canopy.
some animals found in the canopy are the harpy eagle, which preys on monkeys, kinkajous, sloth, reptiles, and other birds. Sloths spend most of their lives in the treetops. Their diet of low nutrition leaves forces them to conserve energy, causing the sloth to spend 80% of its life resting. A large portion of a howler monkey's diet consists of leaves, which are hard to digest. Their ****bolism is so low that they need to warm themselves up in the sunlight after a chilly night. Leaf-cutter ants are responsible for harvesting a sixth of the area's leaves, bringing leaf fragments to their underground nests. They play a critical role in the rainforest's ecosystem by pruning the vegetation, which stimulates new growth, and breaking down the leaves to renew the soil.
the amazon rainforest consists of four layers or communities. Each layer has unique ecosystems, plants, and animals adapted to that system. The emergent layer is the tallest layer, where trees can be as tall as 200 feet, and rise well above the canopy. Here they are exposed to fluctuation of temperature, wind, and rainfall. The leaves are small and covered with a thick waxy surface to hold water. They take advantage of the wind by developing winged seeds that are blown to other parts of the forest. Trunks can be up to 16 feet around and braced by massive buttress roots. Some of the animals find everything they need to survive in the emergent layer and never leave it.
the main layer of the rainforest is the canopy. Most canopy trees have smooth, oval leaves that come to a point, known as a drip tip. This allows water to flow off the leaf quickly and prevents the growth of fungi, mosses, and lichens. The canopy's leaves are very dense and filter out about 80% of the sunlight. Many flowers and fruits grow in this layer. Epiphytes cover every available surface and bromeliads provide drinking water for the many canopy creatures, and breeding pools for tree frogs.
the understory only gets about two to five percent of the available sunlight. The plants find unique ways to adapt to this shadowy existence. Their solar-collecting leaves grow large, and are dark green in color. They don't often grow more than 12 feet in height. Because there is very little air movement, they rely on insects and animals to pollinate their flowers. Some grow large flowers and fruits low on their trunks to allow larger, non-climbing animals to eat and disperse their fruit. The largest concentrations of insects inhabit this layer.
the forest floor is the lowest layer and almost no plants grow here. Only about 2% of the sunlight filters through. The floor is littered with decomposing vegetation and organisms that are broken down into usable nutrients. Many nutrients are locked into this biomass. Tree roots stay close to the surface to access these nutrients. Large animals forage for roots and tubers, while insects like millipedes, scorpions, and earthworms use the litter as a source of food.
despite all of its abundant richness, amazonia's giant trees grow in the poorest of soil. The top two inches of the acidic soil contains 99% of the nutrients. Nine tenths of the forest's energy is stored in the leaves and tissues of the trees themselves. The forest floor is a porous mass that prevents minerals and nutrients from being washed away and lost. As soon as a tree falls, or a creature dies, decomposers begin to turn it into a food source and mulch. The vegetation to renew the cycle quickly absorbs the nutrients that are released. This is the tightest, most efficient ecosystem in nature. The destruction of one part of the system can spell the destruction of the whole system.
high temperatures and the amount of rain are the same throughout the year in amazonia. The climate is warm and humid, with average temperatures around 79° f. The difference between day and night time temperatures is greater than those between seasons.
today, more than 20% of the amazon rainforest has been destroyed and is gone forever. The land is being cleared for cattle ranches, mining operations, logging, and subsistence agriculture. Some forests are being burned to make charcoal to power industrial plants. More than half of the world's rainforests have been destroyed by fire and logging in the last 50 years. Over 200,000 acres are burned every day around the world, or over 150 acres every minute. Experts also estimate that 130 species of plants, animals, and insects are lost every day. At the current rate of destruction, it is estimated that the last remaining rainforests could be destroyed in less than 40 years.
native peoples of the amazon rainforest have used different plants for centuries as cures and potions for their health and survival. Scientists are now discovering that many of the plants are sources for new drugs for aids, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and alzheimer's. Quinine, muscle relaxants, steroids, and caner drugs have already been discovered. Today 121 prescription drugs sold around the world come from plant-derived sources. Although 25% of all drugs are derived from rainforest ingredients, scientists have tested only 1% of tropical plants.
another concern for amazonia is the fate of it indigenous people. An estimated 10 million indians were living in amazonia about five hundred years ago. Today there are less than 200,000 indigenous peoples left in amazonia. More than 90 tribes have been destroyed since the 1900's. Most of the shamans and medicine men remaining are 70 years old or more. With them goes a wealth of knowledge of medicinal species of plants and organisms.


بارك الله فيك أختي منال و جزاك كل خير
بصح راني مديت المشروع و الحمد لله ديت فيه 18

[*أســيـــــرツالــبــســـمـــة*]

مبروك على 18 يا فريولة
مبرزوووووووووووووووك