أرجوا منكم أن تساعدوني في هذا البحث لسنة الثانية ثانوي

[fethibel]

:dj_17: كيف حالكم ان شاء الله بخير.

أرجوكم ساعدوني في هاذا البحث باللغة الانجليزية وجزاكوم الله كل الخير.
1-الجزء الأول :
أ) - كتاب فيه معلومات وصور عن الذين فازوا بجائزة نوبل.
ب)- الأسماء الذين ربحوا جائزة نوبل في عشر سنوات الماضية سنة 2000 .
ج)- اختيار اسمين من الذين فازوا بجائزة نوبل للسلام و السيرتهم الذاتية و ماذا فعلوا .
2 - الجزء الثاني :
1 ) - أسماء أخارون مرشحون بجائزة نوبل السلام .
2) - و أختيار اسمين من المرشحين للجائزة و السيرتهم الذاتية .
3) - و من المرشحين الذين سيربحون الجائزة و ماذا فعلوا حتى ربحوا جائزة نوبل

:mh31:ربي يبارك لكم في دراستكم :mh31:
ان شاء الله

[fethibel]

أرجوكم أنا محتاج لهذا البحث ليوم الأحد ان شاء الله

[lamis932]

Liu Xiaobo
The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The laureate, a little-known figure inside China due to official censorship,[1][2] is a veteran of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and co-author of the Charter 08 manifesto for which he was sentenced to 11 years in prison by Chinese authorities on 25 December 2009.[3] Liu was chosen over a record number of nominations – more than 200 – to receive the award.[3]
Intellectuals and politicians from the international community praised the decision, although the Chinese government expressed dismay. Heavy official censorship was applied on the Internet, on television and in the print media inside China following the announcement. The Chinese government denounced the award as "blasphemy", and summoned the Norwegian ambassador in Beijing "to officially share their opinion, their disagreement and their protest." Chinese citizens who attempted to celebrate were arrested.[4] Liu's wife was put under house arrest before the Nobel Committee's decision was announced.
Liu is the first Chinese person (excluding the 14th Dalai Lama, a refugee) to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[5][6][7] No Nobel Prize has ever been awarded to a Chinese person while inside the country, though Chinese scientists had previously received a Nobel Prize for work done outside the country; Gao Xingjian, a Chinese-born resident of Paris and a French national, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000.[8]
- Nomination and announcement
On 7 October 2010, Norwegian television networks reported that Liu Xiaobo was the front-running candidate for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.[9] The Nobel Committee disclosed that there were a record number of nominations in 2010. A total of 237 names were submitted, of which 38 were organizations.[10]
Liu was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by International PEN, the worldwide association of writers.[6] On 18 January 2010, Václav Havel and others, including the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, Mike Moore, Karel Schwarzenberg, Desmond Tutu and Grigory Yavlinsky wrote to lobby on his behalf.[11][3] However, 14 exiled dissidents had written to lobby the Nobel Committee against Liu's nomination, arguing that Liu had abandoned the Falun Gong spiritual movement and was 'soft' on China’s leaders.[12] The Chinese foreign ministry warned the Nobel Committee that giving Liu the prize would be against Nobel principles.[13] However, the Nobel Committee secretary stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[14] The monetary prize is 10M Swedish kronor ($1.5M; 10M yuan).[15]
AFP reported that the Nobel Institute director and secretary of the Nobel Committee, Geir Lundestad, was warned about giving the prize to Liu Xiaobo by Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying at a meeting convened by the Chinese embassy in Oslo in June. Lundestad was told it would be seen as an "unfriendly gesture".[16] The Chinese government had threatened Norwegian officials with "negative reactions" if the prize were to be given Liu.[17]
Irish bookmaker Paddy Power paid out two days before the announcement after experiencing a noticeable increase in bets.[3] Shortly before the announcement, Liu's wife, Liu Xia, refused to be interviewed by telephone, saying there were police at her home. Her telephone went unanswered once the announcement was made.[7] Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland made the announcement early on 8 October 2010 in Oslo.[18] He said the choice of Liu had become clear early in the process.[13]
"The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2010 to Liu Xiaobo for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has long believed that there is a close connection between human rights and peace. Such rights are a prerequisite for the "fraternity between nations" of which Alfred Nobel wrote in his will.... The campaign to establish universal human rights also in China is being waged by many Chinese, both in China itself and abroad. Through the severe punishment meted out to him, Liu has become the foremost symbol of this wide-ranging struggle for human rights in China.
—Norwegian Nobel Committee, 8 October 2010[19]

As Liu has been in jail since 25 December 2009, it was not immediately clear whether he was aware of the award. When the announcement was made, several policemen were in Liu's Beijing apartment, preventing his wife from going out to meet friends and talking to journalists. Liu Xia said she was told would be taken to meet her husband in the jail in Liaoning province where he is incarcerated. A crowd of about 100 journalists, supporters, and friends who began to gather outside the main entrance at 2 pm were blocked from entering the residential compound where the Lius live.[20] Meetings and gatherings to celebrate were prevented or were abruptly broken up by Beijing police.[21]
- Initial reactions
- Chinese media reporting
In contrast with the earlier announcements of Nobel Prize winners, which were given top coverage, China Central Television's prime-time evening news broadcast failed to mention Liu's Peace Prize award. The official Xinhua News Agency downplayed all but the literature prize, and most other mainland news portals followed the Xinhua lead; popular Internet portals such as Sina.com and NetEase deleted pages dedicated to stories related to all five Nobel Prizes.[22]
According to a well-informed Twitter user, the Information Office of the State Council issued a directive immediately after the announcement that microblog services across the country were to set 'Liu Xiaobo' and 'Peace Prize' as prohibited keywords; forums, blogs and other interactive media were forbidden from releasing any information.[1][23] The source said at 6 pm that although the official news release had been issued, all of the media were ordered by the Central Propaganda Department not to publish it.[1][23] Major domestic news sites in China relegated coverage to inconspicuous inside pages. China Central Television’s main newscast, Xinwen Lianbo did not report on it.[1] The next day, only a small number of journals Guangming Daily, Economic Daily, Beijing Daily, Beijing News and Shanghai’s Wen Hui Bao, published the Xinhua-sanctioned report.[1] In its editorial, the Global Times attacked the Nobel Peace Prize as a "political tool of Western interests" which was being used to foment “endless political strife in Chinese society, causing a Soviet-style breakup.”[24] The Chinese government ordered the deletion of all print and broadcast stories on the topic.[25] The Global Times said the act was "nothing more than another expression of this prejudice, and behind it lies an extraordinary terror of China’s rise and the Chinese model".[26] It also headlined an article as "The endless ideological wars against China." In the article, it said the award is "part of a concerto supplemented by various NGOs, economic entities and international organisations orchestrated by the developed countries. They hope to harass China's growth and press China to surrender more economic interests. They even hope that China will one day collapse under the West's ideological crusade."[27]
Foreign broadcast coverage, such as from the BBC and CNN, was blacked out whenever Liu was mentioned.[6][28][29] In Guangdong, signal carriers for Hong Kong TVB were blocked for approximately eight minutes during the 6 pm evening news broadcast, removing any mention of the Nobel Peace Prize.[22]
After a week of denunciations in China's English-******** media, with most journals silent about the award except for perfunctory quotes from the foreign ministry, the country's Chinese-******** media launched a concerted assault on Liu and the award, accompanied by renewed attacks in the English-******** media. Xinhua argued on 17 October that the Communist Party had made "unremitting efforts to promote and safeguard human rights", and questioned in what ways Liu's actions had contributed to human rights progress for China's people.[30] The agency cited a journal from Saudi Arabia and one from Russia that had denounced the award, and quoted the Pakistani Foreign Office as saying, “The politicization of the Nobel Peace Prize for the purposes of interference in the domestic affairs of states is not only contrary to the recognized principles of inter-State conduct but also a negation of the underlying spirit conceived by the founder of the Prize.”[31] The Global Times published the results of a "random" telephone poll of 866 Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou residents on 18 October in which 58.6 percent of respondents said the Committee should take back the prize and apologise to the Chinese people, and more than half said Liu should be detained until his parole date. At the same time, the journal said there was a low recognition of Liu among the public in China, as more than 75 percent of respondents had no idea who the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize was.[32]
[edit] Official Chinese reactions
Following the announcement on 8 October 2010, Xinhua relayed the Russian news agency denunciation of the prize.[24] China summoned the Norwegian ambassador in Beijing to make a formal protest.[33] The Foreign Ministry spokesman condemned politicians from some countries for using the award as an opportunity to attack China: "This is not only disrespect for China's judicial system but also puts a big question mark on their true intention."[34] The foreign ministry statement, labelling the decision "a blasphemy", was carried on Chinese state television.[29]
The Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded to people who contribute to national harmony, country-to-country friendship, advancing disarmament, and convening and propagandizing peace conferences. Liu was a criminal sentenced by the Chinese judicial authorities for violating Chinese law... The Nobel committee's decision to award such a person the peace prize runs contrary to and desecrates the prize
—Ma Zhaoxu, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, 8 October 2010[35][7]

China protested to Norway, saying that China – Norway relations had been damaged.[6][28][36][29] A planned meeting in Beijing between Norwegian Fisheries Minister Lisbeth Berg-Hansen and Chinese food control authorities was cancelled at the last minute, ostensibly because their counterparts had "other engagements"; a meeting scheduled for the same day between Berg-Hansen and China's vice-minister for fisheries had previously been cancelled in reaction to the award, according to Norwegian officials. Elsewhere, performances of a Norwegian musical scheduled for the following month starring Alexander Rybak, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, were cancelled as a political sanction, according to the musical's composer.[37]
Since the announcement, Liu Xia has been under house-arrest except for a trip to visit her husband in prison. She reports that she has been denied visitors, her telephones have been repeatedly cut off, and that even her elderly mother has not been able to get through. Visitors, including Norwegian diplomats who attempted to see her on 12 October, were turned back at the entrance to her residential compound. Her only contact with the outside world is by Twitter.[38] Chinese police cordoned off Liu's house and prevented his wife from giving interviews.[6][39] They kept journalists and well-wishers at bay for several hours until she was whisked away to visit her husband. "They are forcing me to leave Beijing", Reuters quote her as saying.[2][6]
Dissident groups reported on 18 October that numerous supporters or associates of Liu may have been detained by police: Tiananmen Mother, Ding Zilin and her husband Jiang Peikun have not been seen or heard from for four days; their phones have been cut off. Writer Jiang Qisheng went missing just days after the Nobel announcement.[40]
[edit] Liu Xia / Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xia expressed her gratitude to the Nobel Committee, Liu's proposers, and those who have been supporting him since 1989, including the mothers of those who were killed or had disappeared in the military crackdown. She said, "The prize should belong to all who signed Charter 08 and were jailed due to their support".[41]
The award is first and foremost for the Tiananmen martyrs.
— Liu Xiaobo, 9 October 2010[42]

Liu Xia would inform the laureate of his award during a visit to Jinzhou Prison on 9 October 2010, one day after the official announcement.[25] She reported that Liu wept and dedicated the award to those who suffered as a result of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[43] After Ms. Liu returned home, she was put under house arrest and was watched by armed guards.[43][42] She expressed the desire to attend the prize-giving in Norway in December, but was sceptical of her chances of being allowed to do so.[44]
- Intellectuals
We're calling upon Chinese authorities to respond to the peace prize with rationality and realism, and to take stock of warm responses from home and abroad to gain clear understanding of the world's opinion and where people have placed their hearts
open letter urging Beijing government to release Liu Xiaobo[45]
John Pomfret of The Washington Post said a wide spectrum of Chinese and foreigners believed that Liu's award "could actually resonate more deeply within China than any similar act in years".[5] In an open letter signed by about 200 mainland intellectuals and activists and posted in Chinese, English, French and Japanese on websites hosted outside China, Liu was described as "a splendid choice", because the prize recognised his beliefs in advancing human rights causes and the peaceful fight against social injustice.[45] Artist and critic Ai Weiwei said the regime that should be most ashamed, but also many intellectuals who had drifted away from their public responsibilities ought to feel shame for betraying the values for which they once strove. Ai said that the Prize was a message from the international community, urging that the Chinese government respect mankind's universal values, notwithstanding its economic performance.[46] Writer Liao Yiwu, a close friend of Liu, described it as "a big moment in Chinese history".[28] Another writer, Yu Jie, said he spent the night awake with tears streaming down his face – "Twenty years ago Liu Xiaobo said that China needed someone with moral clarity about what China needs. Now he has become just that person, that he himself was looking for", he said.[47] Former Chinese diplomat Yang Hengjun described it as a strong signal to the Chinese government to speed up political reform "or you will have a lot of enemies around you and within you."[7]
Exiled 1989 student leader Wang Dan said he was 'ecstatic'.[2] Human rights lawyer Li Heping called the award "huge encouragement for the Chinese people ... an affirmation that there are people around the world who really care about human rights and the legal system in China, that the world hasn’t forgotten us." He added that others, such as Gao Zhisheng, Chen Guangchen, and Hu Jia, also deserved the prize.[25] The Globe and Mail said that while many activists agreed he was worthy of the award, some radical reformers within Chinese democracy movement,[6] such as Wei Jingsheng,[48] see the moderate Liu as the "wrong choice" for his advocacy of a gradual path to constitutional democracy in China.[12][6]
Renmin University professor Zhang Ming doubted the award would have much direct impact. However, economist Mao Yushi said that giving the prize to Liu would have an impact not only on China's current leaders but their successors. He said the Peace Prize represented the impetus from the international community, and was but one of several forces working towards China's political reform. Mao believed that political reform was inevitable and that leaders were already debating how and what form this should take.[46]
*- Chinese public
"Liu Xiaobo" or "Nobel Peace Prize" became the most searched terms among internet users in China.[6] However, some time after the release of the official response from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, government censors screened the news item, and there were reports of searches in China using Chinese search engines returning error pages.[29] Web searches using Chinese search engines for "Liu Xiaobo" in Chinese without attaching the words "Peace Prize," gave information about Liu. Yet most sites found "Liu" plus "Peace Prize" yield only the official foreign ministry response.[49] There were reports that any mentions of "Nobel Prize" on microblogging sites were removed by authorities.[29] One netizen claimed that his SIM card had been deactivated after texting a relative about the Nobel Peace Prize.[29] Accustomed to circumventing Chinese Internet censorship, bloggers and forum-users used variants of Liu's name[50] and posted subtle or cryptic messages to express their elation about the award or sarcasm towards the state. However, even the carefully crafted blog post on the subject, by Han Han, the world's most widely read blogger, has been removed by censors.[2]
Other meetings to commemorate the award were prevented by authorities; prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance.[1]
* Hong Kong
Many political groups, including the Democratic Party and the Hong Kong Journalists Association, welcomed the decision and congratulated Liu.[51] The Journalists Association expressed its gratitude and encouragement for Liu's award, and hoped for the early unconditional release of the political prisoner.[52] Hong Kong's Chief Executive, Donald Tsang, other government ministers Leung Chun-ying, Gregory So all declined to comment to the press.[53]
The South China Morning Post said that Liu's courage to stand up for the rights of all people – for the fourth time since the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests – made him worthy of joining the company of other similarly persecuted peace prize winners such as Nelson Mandela. It said: "Liu is just one of a long line of like-minded Chinese citizens to be silenced. The award will be seen in many quarters as acknowledging their sacrifice for the values it upholds."[54] Hong Kong-based Phoenix Television, which transmits throughout China by satellite, limited its report to the foreign ministry's statement denouncing the honour.[2]
About 20 activists held a celebration in front of the central government liaison office in Hong Kong. Their celebration was broken up and the activists were arrested for assault after a guard was accidentally sprayed with champagne. Human Rights Monitor, and a Democratic Party legislator, denounced the heavy-handed actions of the police.[55][10] The loyalist President of LegCo turned down an adjournment motion on 15 October submitted by Leung Kwok-hung calling for the release of Liu on grounds that such debate "lacked urgency and would not produce irreversible consequences."[56] On 17 October, thirty supporters of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, organisers of the annual commemoration of the 1989 Tiananmen protests, held a march to the central government liaison office, calling on the central government to release Liu and allow him to attend the prize-giving in December.[57]
* Taiwan
One day after the award announcement, the Presidential Office said Chinese dissidents should be treated with more tolerance, and president Ma Ying-jeou publicly urged Beijing to release Liu and to "solve major human rights incidents with honesty and confidence."[58][59] Forty-eight non-governmental organisations issued a two-page statement expressing optimism for political change in China, praised Liu's non-violent struggle for human rights and democracy in China, and called on the Chinese government for his release.[58]
The Taipei Times said that the award was an indication of strong support for China’s democracy movement, and that change was unavoidable. "The CCP needs to decide whether to attempt to obstruct democracy or facilitate its development. If it chooses the former then history will pass it by, just as it did the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. If, however, the CCP decides to embrace change then it could... remain a political force" like the Kuomintang in Taiwan.[60]
* Norway
In advance of an official Chinese response to the Nobel committee's decision, Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre said that a Chinese complaint to the Norwegian government would be vain, as the committee was independent from the Norwegian government although it was appointed by the Parliament of Norway.[17] After the announcement, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said the decision "directs a spotlight on the human rights situation in China, and underscores the links between development, democracy and universal human rights."[25] The Norwegian peace activist and author Fredrik S. Heffermehl, a critic of the Nobel Committee for having strayed from the original wishes of Alfred Nobel, acknowledged the work of Liu.[61][62] Norway summoned the Chinese ambassador to Norway to express its regret at China's reaction, to urge for the release of Liu and to remove restrictions on his wife.[30] Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten revealed that foreign minister Støre had had a pre-emptive meeting with Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland, about Liu as the expected recipient two weeks prior to the announcement. According to anonymous sources within both the Foreign Ministry and the Nobel Committee itself, Støre is said to have raised certain "concerns". Press quoted Jagland saying that this enquiry was of such a peculiar kind that he would have to present the Nobel Committee with minutes of the meeting.[63] Former Nobel Committee chairman Ole Danbolt Mjøs and a number of Norwegian researchers, politicians criticised Støre for breach of protocol and meddling in the work of the committee.[64]
* International political reactions
While the Cuban and Venezuelan governments were notably critical, leading politicians in the Western world welcomed the news, and called for the release of Liu; non-aligned and developing countries such as Brazil, India, Russia were conspicuously silent.[65] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon recognised China's remarkable economic advances that have lifted millions out of poverty, and said he hoped that "any differences on this decision will not detract from advancement of the human rights agenda globally or the high prestige and inspirational power of the award".[66] The United States called for the immediate release of Liu; President Obama called him "eloquent and courageous".[67][68]
The European Union and member governments praised the decision;[69] France, Germany, the UK joined in, calling on China to release Liu.[18] European Commission President José Manuel Barroso stated that "the decision of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee is a strong message of support to all those around the world who, sometimes with great personal sacrifice, are struggling for freedom and human rights."[70] The Polish foreign ministry said it was appreciative of the decision to award Liu.[71] Japan greeted the award, stressing the importance of respecting human rights, but did not specifically call for Liu's release; Premier Naoto Kan told a parliamentary committee it would be "desirable for him to be released", without explicitly demanding Liu's release.[72] The Australian prime minister, Julia Gillard, said Australia had made representations on his behalf to the Chinese government and "we welcome the fact that his work has been recognised internationally now with the Nobel Peace Prize",[73] while the Greens leader Bob Brown described the decision as "inspiring". However, Brown criticised the "sheer ignorance and gutlessness of most of Australia's politicians on the plight of campaigning democrats in China".[74] The Canadian prime minister, Stephen Harper, expressed his delight, and said he hoped the award "would cause our friends in the Chinese government to look seriously at that issue of his release from prison."[6] However, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez took sides with China that the award should be given to those who "have done the most for fraternity between nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies and promotion of peace congresses".[75] Similarly, Pakistan[76] and Cuba denounced the choice, saying Liu was exactly "the type of 'dissident' that the United States has been designing for decades to use ... as fifth columns in those countries that they disagree with because those countries dissent from [American] hegemony,"[77]
The Dalai Lama said he had been moved and encouraged by the efforts of Liu and others calling for democracy and freedom in China. He praised the award as "the international community's recognition of the increasing voices among the Chinese people in pushing China towards political, legal and constitutional reforms."[78] Former Polish president Lech Wałęsa said he was "very satisfied", describing the award as "a challenge for China and the entire world, [which] must declare whether it is ready to help China enter a zone where there is respect for the principles and values".[71] Mario Vargas Llosa, awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, said it was a timely reminder that China was still a dictatorship and quite monolithic regarding politics, and that the award was "a tribute to all Chinese dissidents and all Chinese who want, not just economic, but also political growth and progress in China."[79]
Human Rights Watch said the 2010 award "honors all those in China who struggle daily to make the government more accountable"[80] and "shatter[s] the myth where the Communist Party presents itself as the voice of the Chinese people"[81] Canadian academic Professor Josephine Chiu-Duke said she suspected many inside the Communist Party of China would be elated: “They are just like us, hoping that China can be free, democratic and civilized”, and that the award will "encourag[e] more Chinese to speak up."[25] Former British diplomat Kerry Brown lamented that, economically powerful though China is, its sole Nobel prize winner languishes in prison.[25]
* International media
RIA Novosti, the Russian state-owned news service, immediately denounced the prize as a "political tool". This denunciation was swiftly picked up by Xinhua and relayed inside China.[24]
In an editorial, The Guardian said "to many western ears, the clamour of China's markets is louder than the pleas of its dissidents. The Nobel committee is one of few institutions with sufficient status to be heard around the world. Its most coveted prize can now amplify Mr Liu's voice."[82] The Telegraph said that the award was justified not only by Mr Liu’s own courage, it is "also a rebuke to Western governments, so hypnotised by China’s riches and cowed by self-interest that they have shut their eyes and ears to the regime’s abuses of human rights."[83]
The New York Times applauded the award: "Beijing is used to throwing its weight around these days – on currency, trade, the South China Sea and many other issues. Too many governments, and companies, are afraid to push back. Maybe someone in China’s leadership will now figure out that bullying is not a strategy for an aspiring world power."[84]
The left-leaning French daily, Libération, referred to Liu as 'the Chinese Havel', saying "the Chinese government wanted to show the world that nothing would stop it from silencing its critics. However, China is today a part of the international community, and must respect the norms it accepted when it signed up for UN membership. The pressure it exerted upon the Nobel prize committee not to award Liu is unacceptable.[85]
* References
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33. ^ "China protests as Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Prize". RTÉ News and Current Affairs (Raidió Teilifís Éireann). 8 October 2010. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/1008/nobel.html. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
34. ^ Xinhua (12 October 2010) "China questions 'true intentions' of award of Nobel Peace Prize to Liu Xiaobo", xinhuanet.com
35. ^ Xinhua (8 October 2010) Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China–Norway relations, says FM spokesman, xinhuanet.com
36. ^ Bagchi, Indrani (9 October 2010). "Nobel to Liu caps horrible year for China". The Times of India (India: The Times Group). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/Nobel-to-Liu-caps-horrible-year-for-China/articleshow/6716709.cms. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
37. ^ Deshayes, Pierre-Henry (12 October 2010) AFP. "China cancels Norwegian meetings, musical over Liu's Nobel, Yahoo!News
38. ^ AFP Beijing (14 October 2010). "Liu’s wife slams ‘illegal house arrest’", Taipei Times
39. ^ Branigan, Tania and Chung, Dan (8 October 2010). "Liu Xiaobo's Nobel peace prize win sparks Chinese fury". The Guardian (UK: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/08/liu-xiaobo-nobel-peace-prize-china-video. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
40. ^ Agence France-Presse in Beijing (18 October 2010). "Activists condemn anti-Liu crackdown", South China Morning Post
41. ^ Huang, Cary (9 October 2010). "Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize". South China Morning Post
42. ^ a b Staff Reporters (11 October 2010). "Tearful Liu dedicates prize to martyrs" South China Morning Post
43. ^ a b "Wife visits jailed Chinese Nobel winner Liu Xiaobo". BBC. 10 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11511310. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
44. ^ Chong, Dennis & agencies (13 October 2010). "Let me pick up Nobel Peace Prize, pleads Liu's wife". The Standard (Hong Kong)
45. ^ a b Staff Reporter (16 October 2010). "Free Liu, intellectuals urge Beijing", South China Morning Post
46. ^ a b Staff Reporters (10 Oct 2010). "Proud or shamed: intellectuals react to Nobel win", South China Morning Post
47. ^ "China will 'think twice' in future". The Straits Times (Singapore Press Holdings). 9 October 2010. http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_588618.html. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
48. ^ AFP (8 October 2010). "Jailed Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize", Channel News Asia
49. ^ "百度搜索_刘晓波" (in (Chinese)). Baidu.com. http://www.baidu.com/s?bs=%C1%F5%CF%FE%B2%A8&f=8&wd=%C1%F5%CF%FE%B2%A8. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
50. ^ Victor Mair, "Liu Xiaobo", ******** Log, 10 October 2010.
51. ^ "各國促北京釋放劉曉波；諾獎委會：中國貴為強國 要受更大督促" (in (Chinese)). News.hotpot.hk. 9 October 2010. http://news.hotpot.hk/fruit/art_main.php?iss_id=20101009&sec_id=4104&art_id=14535099. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
52. ^ TVB 6 pm evening news, 8 October 2010
53. ^ "刘晓波得奖香港政府上下噤若寒蝉" (in (Chinese)). Peacehall.com. http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/intl/2010/10/201010091737.shtml. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
54. ^ Editorial (9 October 2010). "A confident nation must have room for dissent", South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)
55. ^ Staff Reporters (11 October 2010). "Police arrest woman for assault after champagne celebration sprays liaison office guard", South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)
56. ^ "曾鈺成否決釋劉曉波辯論" Ming Pao News (15 October 2010)
57. ^ Cheung, Simpson and Chong, Tanna (18 October 2010). "Marchers clash with police in Liu protest", South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)
58. ^ a b Chao, Vincent Y. & Staff Reporter (11 October 2010). "NGOs urge China to release Liu Xiaobo" Taipei Times
59. ^ [1]
60. ^ Chao, Editorial (13 October 2010). "A Taiwanese template for China" Taipei Times, pg 8.
61. ^ "Heffermehl: – Illegitim fredspris til Liu" (in Norwegian). Fædrelandsvennen. NTB. 8 October 2010. http://www.fvn.no/nyheter/innenriks/article798616.ece. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
62. ^ Institute for Public Accuracy (7 October 2010). "Has the Nobel Peace Prize Been Corrupted?". Press release. http://www.accuracy.org/newsrelease.php?articleId=2351. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
63. ^ Rønneberg, Kristoffer (15 October 2010). "Advarte Jagland før prisutdelingen" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3859267.ece. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
64. ^ Rønneberg, Kristoffer; Bakken, Aanbjørg (17 October 2010). "- Det er brudd med spillereglene" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3860264.ece. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
65. ^ Dasgupta, Saibal (13 Oct 2010). "India mum on Nobel winner Liu Xiaobo", The Times of India, retrieved 14 October 2010
66. ^ "U.N. chief says Nobel peace award shows rights focus". Reuters. 8 October 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69748S20101008. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
67. ^ "Clinton urges China to free Liu Xiaobo". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 9 October 2010. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/clinton-urges-china-to-free-liu-xiaobo-20101009-16cij.html. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
68. ^ "Obama calls on China to free Nobel laureate Liu". Newsday (Cablevision). 8 October 2010. http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/obama-calls-on-china-to-free-nobel-laureate-liu-1.2345704. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
69. ^ Stobart, Jane (8 October 2010). "Europe praises choice of Liu for Nobel". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://mobile.latimes.com/wap/news/text.jsp?sid=294&nid=24358657&cid=16692&scid=-1&ith=2&title=World. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
70. ^ Kavanagh, Jim (8 October 2010). "China calls Nobel decision 'blasphemy'; West praises it", CNN
71. ^ a b "Nobel a challenge to China: Walesa". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 8 October 2010. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/nobel-a-challenge-to-china-walesa-20101008-16c8k.html. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
72. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/10/2010101493534230169.html
73. ^ AAP (9 October 2010). "Govt to push freeing Chinese activist", Sydney Morning Herald
74. ^ "Liu Xiaobo inspiring: Bob Brown". ninemsn (PBL Media and Microsoft). 9 October 2010. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/8102545/liu-xiaobo-inspiring-bob-brown. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
75. ^ Politics of the Nobel Peace prize, AlJazeera 11 Oct 2010
76. ^ "Award of Nobel Peace Prize 2010 contrary to the spirit of the Prize". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan. 15 October 2010. http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Press_Releases/2010/Oct/PR_259.htm. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
77. ^ "Nobel Prizes: Cuba reacts with distaste". AFP. 9 October 2010. http://www.news24.com/World/News/Nobel-Prizes-Cuba-reacts-with-distaste-20101009.
78. ^ "Dalai Lama congratulates fellow Nobel laureate". The Times of India (India: The Times Group). 8 October 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6713896.cms. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
79. ^ "Nobel ‘tribute’ to all China dissidents: Vargas Llosa". Khaleej Times (Galadari Printing and Publishing). 8 October 2010. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/October/international_October351.xml&section=international. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
80. ^ Ford, Peter (8 October 2010). "Why Liu Xiaobo Nobel Peace Prize could harm Chinese rights activists" Christian Science Monitor
81. ^ MacKinnon, Mark (8 October 2010). "China seeks to block news of Peace Prize for jailed dissident Liu Xiaobo". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/china-seeks-to-block-news-of-peace-prize-for-jailed-dissident-liu-xiaobo/article1748944/. Retrieved 14 October 2010.

[lamis932]

Liu Xiaobo
The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China". The laureate, a little-known figure inside China due to official censorship,[1][2] is a veteran of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and co-author of the Charter 08 manifesto for which he was sentenced to 11 years in prison by Chinese authorities on 25 December 2009.[3] Liu was chosen over a record number of nominations – more than 200 – to receive the award.[3]
Intellectuals and politicians from the international community praised the decision, although the Chinese government expressed dismay. Heavy official censorship was applied on the Internet, on television and in the print media inside China following the announcement. The Chinese government denounced the award as "blasphemy", and summoned the Norwegian ambassador in Beijing "to officially share their opinion, their disagreement and their protest." Chinese citizens who attempted to celebrate were arrested.[4] Liu's wife was put under house arrest before the Nobel Committee's decision was announced.
Liu is the first Chinese person (excluding the 14th Dalai Lama, a refugee) to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[5][6][7] No Nobel Prize has ever been awarded to a Chinese person while inside the country, though Chinese scientists had previously received a Nobel Prize for work done outside the country; Gao Xingjian, a Chinese-born resident of Paris and a French national, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000.[8]
- Nomination and announcement
On 7 October 2010, Norwegian television networks reported that Liu Xiaobo was the front-running candidate for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.[9] The Nobel Committee disclosed that there were a record number of nominations in 2010. A total of 237 names were submitted, of which 38 were organizations.[10]
Liu was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by International PEN, the worldwide association of writers.[6] On 18 January 2010, Václav Havel and others, including the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, Mike Moore, Karel Schwarzenberg, Desmond Tutu and Grigory Yavlinsky wrote to lobby on his behalf.[11][3] However, 14 exiled dissidents had written to lobby the Nobel Committee against Liu's nomination, arguing that Liu had abandoned the Falun Gong spiritual movement and was 'soft' on China’s leaders.[12] The Chinese foreign ministry warned the Nobel Committee that giving Liu the prize would be against Nobel principles.[13] However, the Nobel Committee secretary stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[14] The monetary prize is 10M Swedish kronor ($1.5M; 10M yuan).[15]
AFP reported that the Nobel Institute director and secretary of the Nobel Committee, Geir Lundestad, was warned about giving the prize to Liu Xiaobo by Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying at a meeting convened by the Chinese embassy in Oslo in June. Lundestad was told it would be seen as an "unfriendly gesture".[16] The Chinese government had threatened Norwegian officials with "negative reactions" if the prize were to be given Liu.[17]
Irish bookmaker Paddy Power paid out two days before the announcement after experiencing a noticeable increase in bets.[3] Shortly before the announcement, Liu's wife, Liu Xia, refused to be interviewed by telephone, saying there were police at her home. Her telephone went unanswered once the announcement was made.[7] Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland made the announcement early on 8 October 2010 in Oslo.[18] He said the choice of Liu had become clear early in the process.[13]
"The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2010 to Liu Xiaobo for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has long believed that there is a close connection between human rights and peace. Such rights are a prerequisite for the "fraternity between nations" of which Alfred Nobel wrote in his will.... The campaign to establish universal human rights also in China is being waged by many Chinese, both in China itself and abroad. Through the severe punishment meted out to him, Liu has become the foremost symbol of this wide-ranging struggle for human rights in China.
—Norwegian Nobel Committee, 8 October 2010[19]

As Liu has been in jail since 25 December 2009, it was not immediately clear whether he was aware of the award. When the announcement was made, several policemen were in Liu's Beijing apartment, preventing his wife from going out to meet friends and talking to journalists. Liu Xia said she was told would be taken to meet her husband in the jail in Liaoning province where he is incarcerated. A crowd of about 100 journalists, supporters, and friends who began to gather outside the main entrance at 2 pm were blocked from entering the residential compound where the Lius live.[20] Meetings and gatherings to celebrate were prevented or were abruptly broken up by Beijing police.[21]
- Initial reactions
- Chinese media reporting
In contrast with the earlier announcements of Nobel Prize winners, which were given top coverage, China Central Television's prime-time evening news broadcast failed to mention Liu's Peace Prize award. The official Xinhua News Agency downplayed all but the literature prize, and most other mainland news portals followed the Xinhua lead; popular Internet portals such as Sina.com and NetEase deleted pages dedicated to stories related to all five Nobel Prizes.[22]
According to a well-informed Twitter user, the Information Office of the State Council issued a directive immediately after the announcement that microblog services across the country were to set 'Liu Xiaobo' and 'Peace Prize' as prohibited keywords; forums, blogs and other interactive media were forbidden from releasing any information.[1][23] The source said at 6 pm that although the official news release had been issued, all of the media were ordered by the Central Propaganda Department not to publish it.[1][23] Major domestic news sites in China relegated coverage to inconspicuous inside pages. China Central Television’s main newscast, Xinwen Lianbo did not report on it.[1] The next day, only a small number of journals Guangming Daily, Economic Daily, Beijing Daily, Beijing News and Shanghai’s Wen Hui Bao, published the Xinhua-sanctioned report.[1] In its editorial, the Global Times attacked the Nobel Peace Prize as a "political tool of Western interests" which was being used to foment “endless political strife in Chinese society, causing a Soviet-style breakup.”[24] The Chinese government ordered the deletion of all print and broadcast stories on the topic.[25] The Global Times said the act was "nothing more than another expression of this prejudice, and behind it lies an extraordinary terror of China’s rise and the Chinese model".[26] It also headlined an article as "The endless ideological wars against China." In the article, it said the award is "part of a concerto supplemented by various NGOs, economic entities and international organisations orchestrated by the developed countries. They hope to harass China's growth and press China to surrender more economic interests. They even hope that China will one day collapse under the West's ideological crusade."[27]
Foreign broadcast coverage, such as from the BBC and CNN, was blacked out whenever Liu was mentioned.[6][28][29] In Guangdong, signal carriers for Hong Kong TVB were blocked for approximately eight minutes during the 6 pm evening news broadcast, removing any mention of the Nobel Peace Prize.[22]
After a week of denunciations in China's English-******** media, with most journals silent about the award except for perfunctory quotes from the foreign ministry, the country's Chinese-******** media launched a concerted assault on Liu and the award, accompanied by renewed attacks in the English-******** media. Xinhua argued on 17 October that the Communist Party had made "unremitting efforts to promote and safeguard human rights", and questioned in what ways Liu's actions had contributed to human rights progress for China's people.[30] The agency cited a journal from Saudi Arabia and one from Russia that had denounced the award, and quoted the Pakistani Foreign Office as saying, “The politicization of the Nobel Peace Prize for the purposes of interference in the domestic affairs of states is not only contrary to the recognized principles of inter-State conduct but also a negation of the underlying spirit conceived by the founder of the Prize.”[31] The Global Times published the results of a "random" telephone poll of 866 Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou residents on 18 October in which 58.6 percent of respondents said the Committee should take back the prize and apologise to the Chinese people, and more than half said Liu should be detained until his parole date. At the same time, the journal said there was a low recognition of Liu among the public in China, as more than 75 percent of respondents had no idea who the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize was.[32]
[edit] Official Chinese reactions
Following the announcement on 8 October 2010, Xinhua relayed the Russian news agency denunciation of the prize.[24] China summoned the Norwegian ambassador in Beijing to make a formal protest.[33] The Foreign Ministry spokesman condemned politicians from some countries for using the award as an opportunity to attack China: "This is not only disrespect for China's judicial system but also puts a big question mark on their true intention."[34] The foreign ministry statement, labelling the decision "a blasphemy", was carried on Chinese state television.[29]
The Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded to people who contribute to national harmony, country-to-country friendship, advancing disarmament, and convening and propagandizing peace conferences. Liu was a criminal sentenced by the Chinese judicial authorities for violating Chinese law... The Nobel committee's decision to award such a person the peace prize runs contrary to and desecrates the prize
—Ma Zhaoxu, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman, 8 October 2010[35][7]

China protested to Norway, saying that China – Norway relations had been damaged.[6][28][36][29] A planned meeting in Beijing between Norwegian Fisheries Minister Lisbeth Berg-Hansen and Chinese food control authorities was cancelled at the last minute, ostensibly because their counterparts had "other engagements"; a meeting scheduled for the same day between Berg-Hansen and China's vice-minister for fisheries had previously been cancelled in reaction to the award, according to Norwegian officials. Elsewhere, performances of a Norwegian musical scheduled for the following month starring Alexander Rybak, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, were cancelled as a political sanction, according to the musical's composer.[37]
Since the announcement, Liu Xia has been under house-arrest except for a trip to visit her husband in prison. She reports that she has been denied visitors, her telephones have been repeatedly cut off, and that even her elderly mother has not been able to get through. Visitors, including Norwegian diplomats who attempted to see her on 12 October, were turned back at the entrance to her residential compound. Her only contact with the outside world is by Twitter.[38] Chinese police cordoned off Liu's house and prevented his wife from giving interviews.[6][39] They kept journalists and well-wishers at bay for several hours until she was whisked away to visit her husband. "They are forcing me to leave Beijing", Reuters quote her as saying.[2][6]
Dissident groups reported on 18 October that numerous supporters or associates of Liu may have been detained by police: Tiananmen Mother, Ding Zilin and her husband Jiang Peikun have not been seen or heard from for four days; their phones have been cut off. Writer Jiang Qisheng went missing just days after the Nobel announcement.[40]
[edit] Liu Xia / Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xia expressed her gratitude to the Nobel Committee, Liu's proposers, and those who have been supporting him since 1989, including the mothers of those who were killed or had disappeared in the military crackdown. She said, "The prize should belong to all who signed Charter 08 and were jailed due to their support".[41]
The award is first and foremost for the Tiananmen martyrs.
— Liu Xiaobo, 9 October 2010[42]

Liu Xia would inform the laureate of his award during a visit to Jinzhou Prison on 9 October 2010, one day after the official announcement.[25] She reported that Liu wept and dedicated the award to those who suffered as a result of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[43] After Ms. Liu returned home, she was put under house arrest and was watched by armed guards.[43][42] She expressed the desire to attend the prize-giving in Norway in December, but was sceptical of her chances of being allowed to do so.[44]
- Intellectuals
We're calling upon Chinese authorities to respond to the peace prize with rationality and realism, and to take stock of warm responses from home and abroad to gain clear understanding of the world's opinion and where people have placed their hearts
open letter urging Beijing government to release Liu Xiaobo[45]
John Pomfret of The Washington Post said a wide spectrum of Chinese and foreigners believed that Liu's award "could actually resonate more deeply within China than any similar act in years".[5] In an open letter signed by about 200 mainland intellectuals and activists and posted in Chinese, English, French and Japanese on websites hosted outside China, Liu was described as "a splendid choice", because the prize recognised his beliefs in advancing human rights causes and the peaceful fight against social injustice.[45] Artist and critic Ai Weiwei said the regime that should be most ashamed, but also many intellectuals who had drifted away from their public responsibilities ought to feel shame for betraying the values for which they once strove. Ai said that the Prize was a message from the international community, urging that the Chinese government respect mankind's universal values, notwithstanding its economic performance.[46] Writer Liao Yiwu, a close friend of Liu, described it as "a big moment in Chinese history".[28] Another writer, Yu Jie, said he spent the night awake with tears streaming down his face – "Twenty years ago Liu Xiaobo said that China needed someone with moral clarity about what China needs. Now he has become just that person, that he himself was looking for", he said.[47] Former Chinese diplomat Yang Hengjun described it as a strong signal to the Chinese government to speed up political reform "or you will have a lot of enemies around you and within you."[7]
Exiled 1989 student leader Wang Dan said he was 'ecstatic'.[2] Human rights lawyer Li Heping called the award "huge encouragement for the Chinese people ... an affirmation that there are people around the world who really care about human rights and the legal system in China, that the world hasn’t forgotten us." He added that others, such as Gao Zhisheng, Chen Guangchen, and Hu Jia, also deserved the prize.[25] The Globe and Mail said that while many activists agreed he was worthy of the award, some radical reformers within Chinese democracy movement,[6] such as Wei Jingsheng,[48] see the moderate Liu as the "wrong choice" for his advocacy of a gradual path to constitutional democracy in China.[12][6]
Renmin University professor Zhang Ming doubted the award would have much direct impact. However, economist Mao Yushi said that giving the prize to Liu would have an impact not only on China's current leaders but their successors. He said the Peace Prize represented the impetus from the international community, and was but one of several forces working towards China's political reform. Mao believed that political reform was inevitable and that leaders were already debating how and what form this should take.[46]
*- Chinese public
"Liu Xiaobo" or "Nobel Peace Prize" became the most searched terms among internet users in China.[6] However, some time after the release of the official response from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, government censors screened the news item, and there were reports of searches in China using Chinese search engines returning error pages.[29] Web searches using Chinese search engines for "Liu Xiaobo" in Chinese without attaching the words "Peace Prize," gave information about Liu. Yet most sites found "Liu" plus "Peace Prize" yield only the official foreign ministry response.[49] There were reports that any mentions of "Nobel Prize" on microblogging sites were removed by authorities.[29] One netizen claimed that his SIM card had been deactivated after texting a relative about the Nobel Peace Prize.[29] Accustomed to circumventing Chinese Internet censorship, bloggers and forum-users used variants of Liu's name[50] and posted subtle or cryptic messages to express their elation about the award or sarcasm towards the state. However, even the carefully crafted blog post on the subject, by Han Han, the world's most widely read blogger, has been removed by censors.[2]
Other meetings to commemorate the award were prevented by authorities; prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance.[1]
* Hong Kong
Many political groups, including the Democratic Party and the Hong Kong Journalists Association, welcomed the decision and congratulated Liu.[51] The Journalists Association expressed its gratitude and encouragement for Liu's award, and hoped for the early unconditional release of the political prisoner.[52] Hong Kong's Chief Executive, Donald Tsang, other government ministers Leung Chun-ying, Gregory So all declined to comment to the press.[53]
The South China Morning Post said that Liu's courage to stand up for the rights of all people – for the fourth time since the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests – made him worthy of joining the company of other similarly persecuted peace prize winners such as Nelson Mandela. It said: "Liu is just one of a long line of like-minded Chinese citizens to be silenced. The award will be seen in many quarters as acknowledging their sacrifice for the values it upholds."[54] Hong Kong-based Phoenix Television, which transmits throughout China by satellite, limited its report to the foreign ministry's statement denouncing the honour.[2]
About 20 activists held a celebration in front of the central government liaison office in Hong Kong. Their celebration was broken up and the activists were arrested for assault after a guard was accidentally sprayed with champagne. Human Rights Monitor, and a Democratic Party legislator, denounced the heavy-handed actions of the police.[55][10] The loyalist President of LegCo turned down an adjournment motion on 15 October submitted by Leung Kwok-hung calling for the release of Liu on grounds that such debate "lacked urgency and would not produce irreversible consequences."[56] On 17 October, thirty supporters of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, organisers of the annual commemoration of the 1989 Tiananmen protests, held a march to the central government liaison office, calling on the central government to release Liu and allow him to attend the prize-giving in December.[57]
* Taiwan
One day after the award announcement, the Presidential Office said Chinese dissidents should be treated with more tolerance, and president Ma Ying-jeou publicly urged Beijing to release Liu and to "solve major human rights incidents with honesty and confidence."[58][59] Forty-eight non-governmental organisations issued a two-page statement expressing optimism for political change in China, praised Liu's non-violent struggle for human rights and democracy in China, and called on the Chinese government for his release.[58]
The Taipei Times said that the award was an indication of strong support for China’s democracy movement, and that change was unavoidable. "The CCP needs to decide whether to attempt to obstruct democracy or facilitate its development. If it chooses the former then history will pass it by, just as it did the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. If, however, the CCP decides to embrace change then it could... remain a political force" like the Kuomintang in Taiwan.[60]
* Norway
In advance of an official Chinese response to the Nobel committee's decision, Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre said that a Chinese complaint to the Norwegian government would be vain, as the committee was independent from the Norwegian government although it was appointed by the Parliament of Norway.[17] After the announcement, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said the decision "directs a spotlight on the human rights situation in China, and underscores the links between development, democracy and universal human rights."[25] The Norwegian peace activist and author Fredrik S. Heffermehl, a critic of the Nobel Committee for having strayed from the original wishes of Alfred Nobel, acknowledged the work of Liu.[61][62] Norway summoned the Chinese ambassador to Norway to express its regret at China's reaction, to urge for the release of Liu and to remove restrictions on his wife.[30] Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten revealed that foreign minister Støre had had a pre-emptive meeting with Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland, about Liu as the expected recipient two weeks prior to the announcement. According to anonymous sources within both the Foreign Ministry and the Nobel Committee itself, Støre is said to have raised certain "concerns". Press quoted Jagland saying that this enquiry was of such a peculiar kind that he would have to present the Nobel Committee with minutes of the meeting.[63] Former Nobel Committee chairman Ole Danbolt Mjøs and a number of Norwegian researchers, politicians criticised Støre for breach of protocol and meddling in the work of the committee.[64]
* International political reactions
While the Cuban and Venezuelan governments were notably critical, leading politicians in the Western world welcomed the news, and called for the release of Liu; non-aligned and developing countries such as Brazil, India, Russia were conspicuously silent.[65] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon recognised China's remarkable economic advances that have lifted millions out of poverty, and said he hoped that "any differences on this decision will not detract from advancement of the human rights agenda globally or the high prestige and inspirational power of the award".[66] The United States called for the immediate release of Liu; President Obama called him "eloquent and courageous".[67][68]
The European Union and member governments praised the decision;[69] France, Germany, the UK joined in, calling on China to release Liu.[18] European Commission President José Manuel Barroso stated that "the decision of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee is a strong message of support to all those around the world who, sometimes with great personal sacrifice, are struggling for freedom and human rights."[70] The Polish foreign ministry said it was appreciative of the decision to award Liu.[71] Japan greeted the award, stressing the importance of respecting human rights, but did not specifically call for Liu's release; Premier Naoto Kan told a parliamentary committee it would be "desirable for him to be released", without explicitly demanding Liu's release.[72] The Australian prime minister, Julia Gillard, said Australia had made representations on his behalf to the Chinese government and "we welcome the fact that his work has been recognised internationally now with the Nobel Peace Prize",[73] while the Greens leader Bob Brown described the decision as "inspiring". However, Brown criticised the "sheer ignorance and gutlessness of most of Australia's politicians on the plight of campaigning democrats in China".[74] The Canadian prime minister, Stephen Harper, expressed his delight, and said he hoped the award "would cause our friends in the Chinese government to look seriously at that issue of his release from prison."[6] However, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez took sides with China that the award should be given to those who "have done the most for fraternity between nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies and promotion of peace congresses".[75] Similarly, Pakistan[76] and Cuba denounced the choice, saying Liu was exactly "the type of 'dissident' that the United States has been designing for decades to use ... as fifth columns in those countries that they disagree with because those countries dissent from [American] hegemony,"[77]
The Dalai Lama said he had been moved and encouraged by the efforts of Liu and others calling for democracy and freedom in China. He praised the award as "the international community's recognition of the increasing voices among the Chinese people in pushing China towards political, legal and constitutional reforms."[78] Former Polish president Lech Wałęsa said he was "very satisfied", describing the award as "a challenge for China and the entire world, [which] must declare whether it is ready to help China enter a zone where there is respect for the principles and values".[71] Mario Vargas Llosa, awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, said it was a timely reminder that China was still a dictatorship and quite monolithic regarding politics, and that the award was "a tribute to all Chinese dissidents and all Chinese who want, not just economic, but also political growth and progress in China."[79]
Human Rights Watch said the 2010 award "honors all those in China who struggle daily to make the government more accountable"[80] and "shatter[s] the myth where the Communist Party presents itself as the voice of the Chinese people"[81] Canadian academic Professor Josephine Chiu-Duke said she suspected many inside the Communist Party of China would be elated: “They are just like us, hoping that China can be free, democratic and civilized”, and that the award will "encourag[e] more Chinese to speak up."[25] Former British diplomat Kerry Brown lamented that, economically powerful though China is, its sole Nobel prize winner languishes in prison.[25]
* International media
RIA Novosti, the Russian state-owned news service, immediately denounced the prize as a "political tool". This denunciation was swiftly picked up by Xinhua and relayed inside China.[24]
In an editorial, The Guardian said "to many western ears, the clamour of China's markets is louder than the pleas of its dissidents. The Nobel committee is one of few institutions with sufficient status to be heard around the world. Its most coveted prize can now amplify Mr Liu's voice."[82] The Telegraph said that the award was justified not only by Mr Liu’s own courage, it is "also a rebuke to Western governments, so hypnotised by China’s riches and cowed by self-interest that they have shut their eyes and ears to the regime’s abuses of human rights."[83]
The New York Times applauded the award: "Beijing is used to throwing its weight around these days – on currency, trade, the South China Sea and many other issues. Too many governments, and companies, are afraid to push back. Maybe someone in China’s leadership will now figure out that bullying is not a strategy for an aspiring world power."[84]
The left-leaning French daily, Libération, referred to Liu as 'the Chinese Havel', saying "the Chinese government wanted to show the world that nothing would stop it from silencing its critics. However, China is today a part of the international community, and must respect the norms it accepted when it signed up for UN membership. The pressure it exerted upon the Nobel prize committee not to award Liu is unacceptable.[85]
* References
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[فوزي جعفر]

The Nobel Peace Prize and

the United Nations




2005 International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) &
Mohamed ElBaradei


The Nobel Peace Prize and the United Nations
In 60 years, the United Nations, its specialized agencies and staff were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize nine times. One agency, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees received the famous prize twice. Two Secretaries-General, Kofi Annan and Dag Hammarskjold were honored as well by the Norwegian Nobel Committee for their work. The latest awardee,Mohamed ElBaradei declared upon learning that he was the 2005 recipient of the prize “I think the prize would strengthen my resolve and that of my colleagues to continue to speak the truth to power, to continue to speak our minds. We have no hidden agenda except to ensure that our world continues to be safe and humane”.

2005 -- The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its

Director General Mohamed ElBaradei

The Norwegian Nobel Committee selected the IAEA and its Director General Mohamed ElBaradei (see left) as the recipients of the 2005Nobel Peace Prize due to “ their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way". Director General ElBaradei said, “What do I feel at this occasion? Gratitude, pride, and hope”.

2001 -- The United Nations and Secretary-General Kofi Annan


The United Nations and its Secretary-General Kofi Annan (left) were chosen “ for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”. The Norwegian Nobel Committee further said of the United Nations, “Today the organization is at the forefront of efforts to achieve peace and security in the world and of the international mobilization aimed at meeting the world’s economic, social and environmental challenges”. In his acceptance speech Secretary General Kofi Annan stated, "Peace must be sought, above all, because it is the condition for every member of the human family to live a life of dignity and security".


1988 -- The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces


The Nobel Committee awarded the prize because
“The peacekeeping forces of the United Nations have, under extremely difficult conditions, contributed to reducing tensions where an
armistice has been negotiated but a peace treaty has yet to be established”. It further elaborated,“ the Peacekeeping Forces through their efforts
have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations. Thus, the world organization
has come to play a more central part in world affairs and has been invested with increasing trust”. (Above is a picture of United Nations Peacekeepers in East Timor).







1981 -- The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees


“The Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees has, in the opinion of the
[Nobel] Committee, carried out work of major importance to assist refugees,
despite the many political difficulties with which it has had to contend… the
activities of the Office of the High Commissioner serve the interests of humanity
and peace as well”. At his speech at the Nobel Lecture, the High Commissioner Poul Hartling
said, “I appeal to each and everyone. Let us never cease to feet compassion for those in want.
Let us never tire of helping the victims of injustice and oppression. He who puts his faith in the
restoration of human dignity cannot be wrong”.

1969 -- The International Labor Organization (ILO)

The Norwegian Nobel Committee selected the organization because “the

International Labour Organization's main task will be to ensure that this
new world is based on social justice; in other words, to fulfill the
command that is inscribed on the document in Geneva: "Si vis pacem,
Cole justitiam." If you desire peace, cultivate justice.”
“"Universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." This
statement, which opens the preamble to the ILO's constitution, clearly and unmistakably places
on the ILO a major role in the maintenance of peace” explained a representative of the ILO at
the Nobel Lecture. “It shows that the founders of our organization in 1919 were convinced that
there was an essential link between social justice within countries and international peace, and
that this link was so strong and significant as to make it indispensable that an organization to
deal with labor matters should be set up as an integral part of the new institutional framework
for the promotion and protection of world peace after the First World War.



1965 -- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)


Upon giving the prize, the Nobel Committee declared that “everyone has
understood the ******** of UNICEF, and even the most reluctant person is
bound to admit that in action UNICEF has proved that compassion knows no
national boundaries.

In May 2004 in Barcelona, Ms. Sham Poo, who was representing UNICEF at a
meeting of Nobel Prize laureates, said that “Looking back on an
organizational life now nearly sixty years in the making, it remains clear to us
that it was not the deeds of UNICEF that the Nobel Committee was recognizing in 1965, but
the idea of UNICEF. It was not UNICEF’s aspirations as an institution, but the global aspiration
for our children and for our future that was being honoured. It was our collective human
memory of childhood, and the dreams born of those memories, that were being
acknowledged.”

1961 -- Dag Hammarskjold of Sweden, Second Secretary General of the United

Nations (awarded posthumously)
“Dag Hammarskjold ld was exposed to criticism and violent, unrestrained attacks” explained the Nobel Committee “but he never departed from the path he had chosen from the very first: the path that was to result in the UN's developing into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter, administered by a strong Secretariat served by men who both felt and acted internationally. The goal he always strove to attain was to make the UN Charter the one by which all countries regulated themselves”.

[fethibel]

مشاء الله والله يبارك فيك أخي فزوي الله ينورك ويعطيك الصحة

[فوزي جعفر]

مشاء الله والله يبارك فيك أخي فزوي الله ينورك ويعطيك الصحة

ا لوكان غي جاو قاع يدعوولنا كما هك

[THE PRINCE EL OUED]

تفضلي اختي http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/

[fethibel]

تفضلي اختي http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/
بارك الله فيك أخي (http://www.djelfa.info/vb/member.php?u=293390)شكرا على المعلومات المفيدة

[fethibel]

lamis932
الله يبارك فيك أختي Lamis 932 الله ينورك ويعطيك الصحة

[ضيف السلام]

la list of Nobel peace prize winners of ten years ago
2000
Kim Dae-jung
South Korea

2001
Kofi Annan
United Nations
Ghana
United Nations

2002
Jimmy Carter
United States

2003
Shirin Ebadi
Iran

2004
Wangari Maathai
Kenya

2005
Mohamed ElBaradei
The International Atomic Energy Agency
Egypt
United Nations

2006
Muhammad Yunus
Grameen Bank
Bangladesh
Bangladesh

2007
Al Gore
International Committee of the climate change
United States
United Nations

2008
Martti Ahtisaari
Finland

2009
Barack Obama
United States

2010
Liu Xiaobo
China

[fethibel]

شكرا أختي ضيف السلام والى كل الذين ساعدوني في هذا البحث لقد أتممت البحث جزاكم الله خير الجزاء (http://www.djelfa.info/vb/member.php?u=239228)


:19::19::19::19::19:

(http://www.djelfa.info/vb/member.php?u=239228)