مشاهدة النسخة كاملة : المرشحين لجائزة نوبل للسلام
la fleure doasis
2010-10-25, 13:30
السلام عليكم اخوتي
هل من مساعدة
انا اريد الحصول على قائمة تضم اسماء ابرز المرشحين لجائزة نوبل للسلام سواء باللغة العربية او الانجليزية
ارجو الرد في اقرب وقت خلال اليوم
وان يكون الرد هنا في هذا الموضوع
تشكراتي
الهام الجزائرية
2010-10-25, 17:15
عبد العزيز بو تفليقة وبراهمي لخضر هما المرشحان من الجزائر
la fleure doasis
2010-10-25, 19:10
مشكورة يا الاخت الهام جزاكي الله الف خير تجدينها في ميزان حسناتك ان شاء الله
هل من مزيد ارجوا المشاركة من الجميع من كانت لديه معلومات اضافية فلا يبخل بها علينا
اريد انجازات نيلسون مانديلا عندما فاز بجائزة السلام شكرا
:mh31:salut انا تاني راني مستحقية هاد الموضوع مدا بيكم اللي عندو يفيدنا بيه.
diyaa.alcamare
2010-11-02, 16:59
What is the Nobel Prize?
The Nobel Prize is the brainchild of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who was best known in his lifetime for his invention of dynamite. Upon his death in 1896, a reading of his will revealed stipulations that over 90% of his estate should be used to establish prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.
Many wonder why Nobel established the Nobel Prize. It has often been assumed that he sought to make restitution for creating dynamite.
Nobel did catch a glimpse of a French obituary for himself when his brother died and a French newspaper thought Nobel had died. Among other colorful terms, the newspapers called Alfred Nobel a “merchant of death.” Thus the restitution to reward the positive aspects of the world remains the popular theory on the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
Alfred Nobel died in 1896. The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901.
Nobel stipulated exactly how the prizes should be determined, and what bodies should be responsible for selecting and awarding prizes.
According to Nobel’s will, the Swedish Academy of Science was to award a yearly Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry. The Caroline Institute at Stockholm would award the Nobel Prize for medicine. The Academy of Stockholm would determine the Nobel Prize for literature. Five members selected by the Norwegian government select the recipient of the annual Peace Prize. The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. Each award was to be given without regard to nationality, and was meant to represent the best and brightest contributors to each field.
Some confusion exists over a sixth category, the Nobel Prize in Economics. This is not technically a Nobel Prize because it was not listed in Nobel’s will, and it does use Nobel’s foundation to award funds. This award was established in 1969 and is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Monies awarded come from the Bank of Sweden.
Typically the Nobel Prize means one wins a medal, international recognition, and a sum of money for ongoing work in one’s field. Often the money is not greatly important since people receiving the award tend to be at the end of their careers. Currently, those receiving the Prize may receive a little over one million US dollars (USD).
Since the Prize’s establishment, over 750 awards have been given. The Nobel Prize tends not to be awarded posthumously, which has met with some controversy. Some of the recipients of the award have also been criticized. For example, Mahatma Gandhi never won the Nobel Peace Prize despite his sterling efforts to promote non-violent protests and fair government in India .
What is the Nobel Peace Prize?
The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." The Nobel Peace Prize differs from the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine or physiology in that it may be presented not only to individuals, but also to organizations that are actively engaged in a process or effort that intends to promote world peace. The prize can be awarded for current efforts, rather than for having accomplished a goal or resolved an issue.
Having been awarded since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize is considered a very astute recognition, but some past nominees and recipients have created controversy. Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939, but the nomination was retracted. Other nominees include Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Yasser Arafat. Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, as did Henry Kissinger and Mikhail Gorbachev. Due to the practice of awarding the Nobel Peace Prize based on a work in progress, it stands to reason that some recipients may seem like poor choices in hindsight; however, many recipients have been life-long promoters of peace and human rights, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and the Dalai Lama
An individual or organization may be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by any qualifying individual, including former recipients, university professors, international leaders, and members of national assemblies. The list of nominees is kept private each year, and though a group or individual may later be referred to as a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, this title bears no official merit. Nominees and recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize between 1901 and 1951 are currently compiled into a database. There are those who publicly criticize the Nobel Peace Prize as being politically slanted to the left and failing to recognize true merit, but even with past controversy, the Nobel Peace Prize continues to be an astute recognition that few would decline to accept
bss.hicham
2010-11-08, 19:40
:1: :mh92: :1:
الرئيس بوتفليقة مرشح لجائزة نوبل للسلام
http://www.moheet.com/image/56/225-300/568891.jpg
قامت مجموعة من الإطارات الجزائرية التى تعيش ببريطانيا وسويسرا، إضافة إلى عرب، بالإعلان عن مبادرة لدعم ترشيح الرئيس عبد العزيز بوتفليقة لنيل جائزة نوبل للسلام للعام 2008.
ويستند هؤلاء فى الإعلان عن المبادرة لكون الرئيس بوتفليقة قد قام بخطوات جريئة فى سبيل لمّ شمل الجزائريين والمصالحة بينهم، ليس ذلك وحسب بل ساهم أيضا فى صنع السلام فى دول اخرى.
ودعا الموقعون الأوائل على هذه المبادرة كل المهتمين بالانضمام إليهم ودعم المبادرة من خلال إرسال أسمائهم عن طريق البريد الإلكترونى أو الهاتف النقال
ونقلت جريدة "العرب" اللندنية ما جاء فى البيان الصادر عنهم: "دعمــا منا للمبادرة الصادقة التى قام بها جمع من أبناء الجزائر البررة لدعم ترشيح فخامة الرئيس عبد العزيز بوتفليقة لجائزة نوبل للسلام لعام 2008، علما بأن من بين المترشحين العرب زعماء ساهموا فى السلام مع اسرائيل التى لازالت تجثم على ربى فلسطين الحبيبة.
وايمانا منا بأن السيد عبد العزيز بوتفليقة قام بخطوات جريئة فى سبيل لم شمل الجزائريين -وليس الأعداء- وفى المصالحة بينهم، وأنه ساهم فى صنع السلام بين أبناء الوطن الواحد وابناء الدين الواحد بل تعدى ذلك الى صنع السلام فى دول مجاورة، فهو بهذا يستحق أن ينال هذا الشرف دون غيره.
وايمانا منا بضرورة مواصلة هذه المسيرة ودعمها لصنع السلام بين الجزائريين بعد أزمة خانقة راح ضحيتها خيرة ابناء الجزائر، فأننا نحن الموقعين أدناه ندعو كل شرائح المحتمع الجزائرى وحتى اخواننا العرب والمسلمين وغيرهم من المناضلين من أجل السلام فى الداخل والخارج من مسؤولين ووزراء ونواب ودبلوماسيين وأكاديميين ومواطنين عاديين الى دعم هذه المبادرة".:19:
:1: :1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1:
bss.hicham
2010-11-08, 19:57
من لا يشكر الناس لا يشكر الله
aladin2010
2010-11-08, 19:58
:1: :mh92: :1:
الرئيس بوتفليقة مرشح لجائزة نوبل للسلام
http://www.moheet.com/image/56/225-300/568891.jpg
قامت مجموعة من الإطارات الجزائرية التى تعيش ببريطانيا وسويسرا، إضافة إلى عرب، بالإعلان عن مبادرة لدعم ترشيح الرئيس عبد العزيز بوتفليقة لنيل جائزة نوبل للسلام للعام 2008.
ويستند هؤلاء فى الإعلان عن المبادرة لكون الرئيس بوتفليقة قد قام بخطوات جريئة فى سبيل لمّ شمل الجزائريين والمصالحة بينهم، ليس ذلك وحسب بل ساهم أيضا فى صنع السلام فى دول اخرى.
ودعا الموقعون الأوائل على هذه المبادرة كل المهتمين بالانضمام إليهم ودعم المبادرة من خلال إرسال أسمائهم عن طريق البريد الإلكترونى أو الهاتف النقال
ونقلت جريدة "العرب" اللندنية ما جاء فى البيان الصادر عنهم: "دعمــا منا للمبادرة الصادقة التى قام بها جمع من أبناء الجزائر البررة لدعم ترشيح فخامة الرئيس عبد العزيز بوتفليقة لجائزة نوبل للسلام لعام 2008، علما بأن من بين المترشحين العرب زعماء ساهموا فى السلام مع اسرائيل التى لازالت تجثم على ربى فلسطين الحبيبة.
وايمانا منا بأن السيد عبد العزيز بوتفليقة قام بخطوات جريئة فى سبيل لم شمل الجزائريين -وليس الأعداء- وفى المصالحة بينهم، وأنه ساهم فى صنع السلام بين أبناء الوطن الواحد وابناء الدين الواحد بل تعدى ذلك الى صنع السلام فى دول مجاورة، فهو بهذا يستحق أن ينال هذا الشرف دون غيره.
وايمانا منا بضرورة مواصلة هذه المسيرة ودعمها لصنع السلام بين الجزائريين بعد أزمة خانقة راح ضحيتها خيرة ابناء الجزائر، فأننا نحن الموقعين أدناه ندعو كل شرائح المحتمع الجزائرى وحتى اخواننا العرب والمسلمين وغيرهم من المناضلين من أجل السلام فى الداخل والخارج من مسؤولين ووزراء ونواب ودبلوماسيين وأكاديميين ومواطنين عاديين الى دعم هذه المبادرة".:19:
:1: :1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1::1:
رانا نحكووو على 2010
bss.hicham
2010-11-08, 20:00
[لكل نبات شخص يسقيه و لكل فقير رب يعطيه و لكل مدريدي برشلوني يربيه
الملتفى ي الكلاسيو
i can can the can but the can can't can me
رفيدة.16
2010-11-10, 18:16
شششششششششكرا افادني الموضوع
ضيف السلام
2010-11-10, 19:12
la list of Nobel peace prize winners of ten years ago
2000
Kim Dae-jung
South Korea
2001
Kofi Annan
United Nations
Ghana
United Nations
2002
Jimmy Carter
United States
2003
Shirin Ebadi
Iran
2004
Wangari Maathai
Kenya
2005
Mohamed ElBaradei
The International Atomic Energy Agency
Egypt
United Nations
2006
Muhammad Yunus
Grameen Bank
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2007
Al Gore
International Committee of the climate change
United States
United Nations
2008
Martti Ahtisaari
Finland
2009
Barack Obama
United States
2010
Liu Xiaobo
China
_أمل جديد_
2010-11-12, 12:44
يوجد أيضا من المرشحين كل من بن بلة و آيت أحمد
الرجاء الاتزام والتحلي بالمصدقية في ما يخص المرشحين لجائزة نوبل للسلام للعام المقبل
وشكرا على المساعدة
عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
الاخضر الابراهيمي
جورج غالاوي
سيفيتلانا غاناشكينا (ناشطة حقوق روسية )
مارك زوكوربوجي مؤسس الفايس بوك
من الممكن ترشيح البابا
هادو هما اللي رشحتهم انا
hada wech lkite
Nobel Prize candidates
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Arabic (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FArabic_%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A): عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FMarch_2), 1937 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F1937) in Oujda (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FOujda), Morocco (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FMorocco)) has been the President of Algeria (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FPresident_of_Algeria) since 1999 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F1999).
Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been married since August 1990 and has no children. His wife Amal Triki is a daughter of an ex-diplomat (Yahia Triki).
Bouteflika has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha) with whom he has no contact, four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).
His father, Ahmed Bouteflika, was born in Tlemcen (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FTlemcen), Ahmed Bouteflika was married to two women: Belkaïd Rabia and Ghezlaoui Mansouriah (the mother of the current President).
When Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on March 2, 1937 in Morocco (Oujda), he was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father, Fatima, his half-sister, preceded him.
Mordechai Vanunu
Mordechai Vanunu in the garden of St. George's Cathedral (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FSt._George%2527s_Cathedral%252C_Jerusalem) . This picture was taken two days after his April 21 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FApril_21), 2004 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F2004) release from prison
Mordechai Vanunu (Hebrew (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FHebrew_%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A): מרדכי ואנונו), born in Marrakech (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FMarrakech), Morocco (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FMorocco) on October 13 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FOctober_13), 1954 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F1954) is an Israeli (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FIsrael) former nuclear (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FNuclear_weapon) technician who revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FNuclear_weapons_and_Israel) to the British press (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FHistory_of_British_newspapers) in 1986. He was subsequently kidnapped in Rome (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FRome) by Israeli agents and smuggled to Israel (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FIsrael), where he was tried and convicted of treason (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FTreason).
Mordechai Vanunu spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 years in solitary confinement (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FSolitary_confinement). Vanunu was released from prison (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FPrison) in 2004, subject to a broad array of restrictions on his speech and movement. Since then he has been briefly arrested several times for violations of those restrictions, including giving various interviews to foreign journalists and attempting to leave Israel. In July 2007, Vanunu was sentenced to a further six months imprisonment for speaking to foreigners and traveling to Bethlehem.
On January 7, 2008, the day before his appeal fighting the above sentence was to begin; Israel instead re-sentenced him to six months of community
In its press release of July 2 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FJuly_2), 2007 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F2007), Amnesty International (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FAmnesty_International) said "The organization considers Mordechai Vanunu to be a prisoner of conscience and calls for his immediate and unconditional release. " Vanunu has been characterized by some as a whistleblower (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FWhistleblower) and by others as a traitor (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FTreason).
Ayman Nour
Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour (Arabic (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FArabic_%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A%2A): أيمن عبد العزيز نور) (born 10 October (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FOctober_10) 1964 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F1964)) is an Egyptian (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FEgyptians) politician (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FPolitician), a former member of that country's Parliament (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FPeople%2527s_Assembly_of_Egypt) and chairman (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FChairman) of the El Ghad (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FTomorrow_Party) party. He became famous around the world following his January 2005 imprisonment by the government of President (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FPresident_of_Egypt) Hosni Mubarak (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FHosni_Mubarak), which was widely understood as a politically motivated move by the state and caused a lot of internal anger as well as foreign pressure for his release.
Arrest and imprisonment
Nour was stripped of his parliamentary immunity (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FParliamentary_immunity) and arrested on January 29 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FJanuary_29), 2005 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F2005). He was charged with forging PAs (Powers of Attorney) to secure the formation of the el-Ghad party. Nour vehemently denied the charges (from prison).
The arrest, occurring in an election year, was widely criticized by governments around the world as a step backwards for Egyptian democracy. Few seem to regard the charges as legitimate. Nour remained active despite his imprisonment, using the opportunity to write critical articles and make his case and cause better known.
In February 2005, Condoleezza Rice (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FCondoleezza_Rice) abruptly postponed a visit to Egypt, reflecting U.S. displeasure at the jailing of Nour, who was reported to have been brutally interrogated. That same month, the government announced the following month that it would open elections to multiple candidates.
In March 2005, following a strong intervention in Cairo by a group of Members of the European Parliament led by Vice-President Edward McMillan-Scott (UK, Conservative), Nour was freed and began a campaign for the Egyptian presidency.
In June 2005, Rice addressed democracy in the Middle East at the American University in Cairo. She stated: “There are those who say that democracy leads to chaos, or conflict, or terror. In fact, the opposite is true. … Ladies and Gentlemen: Across the Middle East today, millions of citizens are voicing their aspirations for liberty and for democracy …demanding freedom for themselves and democracy for their countries. To these courageous men and women, I say today: All free nations will stand with you as you secure the blessings of your own liberty”
Nour was the first runner-up in the 2005 presidential election (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FEgyptian_presidential_election%252C_2005) with 7% of the vote according to government figures and estimated at 13% by independent observers, although no independent observers were allowed to monitor the elections.
On December 24 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FDecember_24), 2005 (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2F2005) he was sentenced to five years in jail. Nour is diabetic (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FDiabetes) and dependent on insulin, a health issue which sent him to the hospital for the week before the verdict when he engaged in a hunger strike carried out in protest of his detention.
Nour's verdict and sentencing made global headlines and were the first item of news on most international news broadcasts, including the BBC (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FBBC).
On the day of Nour's guilty verdict and sentencing, the White House Press Secretary (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FWhite_House_Press_Secretary) released the following statement denouncing the government's action:
"The United States is deeply troubled by the conviction today of Egyptian politician Ayman Nour by an Egyptian court. The conviction of Mr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005 presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment to democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. We are also disturbed by reports that Mr. Nour's health has seriously declined due to the hunger strike on which he has embarked in protest of the conditions of his trial and detention. The United States calls upon the Egyptian government to act under the laws of Egypt in the spirit of its professed desire for increased political openness and dialogue within Egyptian society, and out of humanitarian concern, to release Mr. Nour from detention."
In February 2006, Rice visited Hosni Mubarak (http://www.forum.educ40.net/redirector.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2 Fwiki%2FHosni_Mubarak) yet never spoke Nour's name publicly. When asked about him at a news conference, she referred to his situation as one of Egypt's setbacks. Days later, Mubarak told a government newspaper that Rice "didn't bring up difficult issues or ask to change anything." From prison, Nour stated "I pay the price when [Rice] speaks [of me], and I pay the price when she doesn't," Nour said. "But what's happening to me now is a message to everybody."
In June 2007 President Bush, speaking at a conference of dissidents in the Czech Republic, revisited the issue of Ayman Nour, saying:
There are many dissidents who couldn't join us because they are being unjustly imprisoned or held under house arrest. I look forward to the day when a conference like this one include Alexander Kozulin of Belarus, Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, Oscar Elias Biscet of Cuba, Father Nguyen Van Ly of Vietnam, Ayman Nour of Egypt. (Applause.) The daughter of one of these political prisoners is in this room. I would like to say to her, and all the families: I thank you for your courage. I pray for your comfort and strength. And I call for the immediate and unconditional release of your loved ones. ... I have asked Secretary Rice to send a directive to every U.S. ambassador in an un-free nation: Seek out and meet with activists for democracy. Seek out those who demand human rights.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpgNelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_********) pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA); born 18 July 1918)[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-nobel-0) served as President of South Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa) from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid) activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe), the armed wing of the African National Congress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress) (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage) and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robben_Island). Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-1)[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-2)
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_clan_name); or as tata (Xhosa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_********): father).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-3) Mandela has received more than 250 awards (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_Mandela_awards_and_honours) over four decades, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize).
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch) of the Thembu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembu) dynasty, which reigns (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign) in the Transkei region (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei) of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Province).[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-AllAfrica-5) He was born in Mvezo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvezo), a small village located in the district of Umtata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umtata).[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-AllAfrica-5) He has Khoisan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan) ancestry on his mother's side.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-M-Net-6) His patrilineal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality) great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngubengcuka) (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-7) One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan) (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mafela-8)), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession#Monarchies_and_nobility) to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadla_Henry_Mphakanyiswa), served as chief (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief) of the town of Mvezo.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-9) However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunu). Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council), and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty) Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_%28small_African_settlement%29) Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11) His given name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name) Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-12)[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-longwalk-13)
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-14)
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent), Jongintaba, became his guardian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela attended a Wesleyan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism) mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-BBC90th-15) Mandela completed his Junior Certificate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Certificate) in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-BBC90th-15) Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healdtown_Comprehensive_School), the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Beaufort) which most Thembu royalty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family) attended.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-16) At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11)
After enrolling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation), Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hare_University), where he met Oliver Tambo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Tambo). Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship_and_descent), Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Matanzima) who, as royal scion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship) of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mafela-8) a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustan) policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11) At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a Students' Representative Council (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_Representative_Council) boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hare) and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-17) Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws) from the University of London External Programme (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London_External_Programme).
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg).[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mandela1996pp10.2C20-18) Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-NMF-19) However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_%28law%29). Mandela later started work as an articled clerk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articled_clerk) at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sisulu).[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-NMF-19) While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Africa) via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Witwatersrand), where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Slovo), Harry Schwarz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schwarz) and Ruth First (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_First).[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-20) Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_ambassador_to_the_United_States). During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra,_South_Africa) township, north of Johannesburg.[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-21)
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpgYasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat (arabe (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe) : ياسر عرفات), né le 24 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929) dans la ville du Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) en ةgypte (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte) et mort le 11 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_novembre) novembre (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novembre_2004) 2004 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004) à Clamart (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamart) (Hauts-de-Seine (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine)) en France (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France), de son vrai nom Mohamed Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) et connu aussi sous son kounya (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyme) Abou Ammar (ابو عمّار), est un activiste (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activisme_politique) et homme d'ةtat (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_d%27%C3%89tat) palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine).
Dirigeant du Fatah (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah) puis également de l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Palestine), longtemps considéré comme un terroriste notamment par Israël (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl) en raison de son implication dans de nombreuses opérations qui ont coûté la vie à des civils et à des militaires israéliens, Yasser Arafat est resté pendant plusieurs décennies une figure controversée de l'expression par la violence des aspirations nationales palestiniennes (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiniens) avant d'apparaître pour Israël (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl) comme un partenaire de discussions dans le cadre du processus de paix israélo-palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_de_paix_isra%C3%A9lo-palestinien) dans les années 1990.
Yasser Arafat représente alors les Palestiniens (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiniens) dans les différentes négociations de paix et signe les accords d'Oslo (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_d%27Oslo) en 1993 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993). Il devient le premier président (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidents_de_l%27Autorit%C3%A9_palestinienne ) de la nouvelle Autorité palestinienne (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_palestinienne) et reçoit le prix Nobel de la Paix (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_la_paix) 1994 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994) en compagnie de Shimon Peres (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres) et Yitzhak Rabin (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin).
ہ partir de 2001 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001), après l'échec du sommet de Taba (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommet_de_Taba) et le déclenchement de la Seconde Intifada (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Intifada), il perd progressivement de son crédit auprès d'une partie de son peuple qui lui reproche la corruption de son autorité. Il se retrouve isolé sur la scène internationale tandis que les Israéliens élisent (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_du_Premier_ministre_isra%C3%A9lien_d e_2001) Ariel Sharon (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon) au poste de Premier ministre de l'ةtat d'Israël, amenant un durcissement de la position israélienne vis-à-vis du dirigeant palestinien contraint à ne plus quitter Ramallah (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah). Cet isolement n'est rompu qu'à la veille de sa mort, quand il est emmené d'urgence à Clamart (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamart), en région parisienne, où il décède en 2004 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004).
Naissance
Son nom officiel est Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudua al-Husseini. Son biographe palestinien, Saïd K. Aburish, précise que « Mohammed Abdel Rahman était son prénom ; Abdel Raouf, le nom de son père ; Arafat, son grand-père ; al-Qudua est le nom de sa famille et al-Husseini (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_al-Husayni) est le nom du clan dont font partie les al-Qudua »[1] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-0).
Arafat se revendiquait encore comme étant le petit-neveu du célèbre grand mufti de Jérusalem Hadj Amin al-Husseini (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini)[2] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-1). Il est en outre le cousin de Leïla Shahid (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Shahid)[3] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-2).
Yasser Arafat est né au Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) en ةgypte (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte), le 4 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929). Un biographe de Yasser Arafat, Alan Hart, rapporte que des documents découverts à l’université du Caire ont permis de conclure qu’il était bien né dans la capitale égyptienne. Sixième d’une famille de sept enfants, son père est un commerçant originaire de Gaza (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza) et sa mère est originaire de Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem).
Cependant, lui-même déclarait être né à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) le 4 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929) ce qui est officiellement faux et authentiquement vérifié par les historiens. Selon son récit, sa mère aurait ainsi quitté le Caire durant sa grossesse suite à une dispute avec son époux, pour se rendre chez ses parents dans la ville sainte où elle aurait donné naissance à Yasser[4] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-3). Arafat aurait insisté sur le fait qu’il serait né à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) afin de préserver son existence mythique et ainsi accroître sa crédibilité en tant que dirigeant palestinien[5] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-4).
Né au Caire, il bénéficie de l’enseignement gratuit des écoles égyptiennes[6] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-media-5), il y passe la plus grande partie de son enfance et de son adolescence avec ses six frères et sœurs, à vendre des falafel au souk. Après le décès de sa mère, alors qu’il a cinq ans, il passe avec son frère, Fathi Arafat (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Arafat) — qui devient plus tard le président du Croissant-Rouge palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant-Rouge_palestinien) —, quatre ans à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) chez un de ses oncles maternels, Salim Abou Saoud[6] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-media-5), avant que son père, lorsqu’il se marie pour la deuxième fois[7] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-6), le fasse rentrer au Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) où sa sœur aînée s’occupe de lui[8] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-nobel-7).
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpgDalaï-lama
The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug) or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism). The name is a combination of the Mongolian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_********) word dalai meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_********) word བླ་མ་ bla-ma (with a silent "b") meaning "teacher".[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-0) According to the current Dalai Lama, the Tibetan word "lama" corresponds precisely to the better known Sanskrit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit) word "guru (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru)".
In religious terms, the Dalai Lama is believed by his devotees to be the rebirth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29) of a long line of tulkus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku) who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva) of compassion, Avalokiteśvara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara). Traditionally, the Dalai Lama is thought of as the latest reincarnation of a series of spiritual leaders who have chosen to be reborn in order to enlighten others. The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the leader of the Gelug (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug) School, but this position belongs officially to the Ganden Tripa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganden_Tripa), which is a temporary position appointed by the Dalai Lama who, in practice, exerts much influence.
For certain periods of time between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas sometimes directed the Tibetan government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_government), which administered portions of Tibet from Lhasa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa). The 14th Dalai Lama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama) remained the head of state for the Central Tibetan Administration (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration) ("Tibetan government in exile") until his retirement on March 14, 2011. He has indicated that the institution of the Dalai Lama may be abolished in the future, and also that the next Dalai Lama may be found outside Tibet and may be female. [2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-1) The Chinese communist government was very quick to reject this and claimed that only they have the authority to select the next Dalai Lama, despite being an officially atheist nation.
In 1578 the Mongol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol) ruler Altan Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan) bestowed the title Dalai Lama on Sonam Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso). The title was later applied retrospectively to the two predecessors in his reincarnation line, Gendun Drup (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendun_Drup) and Gendun Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso). Gendun Gyatso was also Sonam Gyatso's predecessor as abbot of Drepung monastery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepung_monastery). However, the 14th Dalai Lama asserts that Altan Khan did not intend to bestow a title as such and that he intended only to translate the name "Sonam Gyatso" into Mongolian.
. . . many writers have mistranslated Dalai Lama as "Ocean of Wisdom". The full Mongolian title, "the wonderful Vajradhara, good splendid meritorious ocean", given by Altan Khan, is primarily a translation of the Tibetan words Sonam Gyatso (sonam is "merit").[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-2)
The 14th Dalai Lama commented:
The very name of each Dalai Lama from the Second Dalai Lama onwards had the word Gyatso [in it], which means "ocean" in Tibetan. Even now I am Tenzin Gyatso, so the first name is changing but the second part [the word "ocean"] became like part of each Dalai Lama's name. All of the Dalai Lamas, since the Second, have this name. So I don't really agree that the Mongols actually conferred a title. It was just a translation.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-3)
Whatever the intention may have been originally, the Mongolian "Dalai", which does not have any meaning as a Tibetan term, came to be understood commonly as a title.
The name or title Dalai Lama in Mongolian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_********) may also have derived originally from the title taken by Temüjin or Genghis Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan) when he was proclaimed emperor of a united Mongolia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) during 1206. Temüjin took the name Čingis Qāghan or "oceanic sovereign", the anglicized version of which is Genghis Khan.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-4)
Tibetans address the Dalai Lama as Gyalwa Rinpoche ("Precious Victor"), Kundun ("Presence"), Yishin Norbu ("Wish fulfilling Gem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintamani_%28jewel%29)") and so on.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-5)
Sonam Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso) was an abbot at the Drepung Monastery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepung_Monastery) who was considered widely as one of the most eminent lamas of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to have the title "Dalai Lama" as described above, since he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "Third Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his supposed earlier incarnations.
Yonten Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso) (1589–1616), the 4th Dalai Lama, and a non-Tibetan, was the grandson of Altan Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan).
The tulku (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku) tradition of the Dalai Lama has evolved into, and been inaugurated as, an institution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution):
"The institution of the Dalai Lama has become, over the centuries, a central focus of Tibetan cultural identity; "a symbolic embodiment of the Tibetan national character." Today, the Dalai Lama and the office of the Dalai Lama have become focal points in their struggle towards independence and, more urgently, cultural survival. The Dalai Lama is regarded as the principal incarnation of Chenrezig (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenrezig) (referred to as Avalokiteshvara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara) in India), the bodhisattva of compassion and patron deity of Tibet. In that role the Dalai Lama has chosen to use peace and compassion in his treatment of his own people and his oppressors. In this sense the Dalai Lama is the embodiment of an ideal of Tibetan values and a cornerstone of Tibetan identity and culture."[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-6)
Verhaegen mentions the trans-polity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity) influence that the Institution of the Dalai Lama has had historically in areas such as western China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China), Mongolia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia), Ladakh (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh) in addition to the other Himalayan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya) Kingdoms:
"The Dalai Lamas have also functioned as the principal spiritual guide to many Himalayan kingdoms bordering Tibet, as well as western China, Mongolia and Ladakh. The literary works of the Dalai Lamas have, over the centuries, inspired more than fifty million people in these regions. Those writings, reflecting the fusion of Buddhist philosophy embodied in Tibetan Buddhism, have become one of the world's great repositories of spiritual thought."[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-7)
The current Dalai Lama is often called "His Holiness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Holiness)" (HH) by Westerners (by analogy with the Pope), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.
Before the 20th century, European sources often referred to the Dalai Lama as the "Grand Lama". For example, in 1785 Benjamin Franklin Bache (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache_%28journalist%29) mocked George Washington (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington) by terming him the "Grand Lama of this Country".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-8) Some in the West believed the Dalai Lama to be worshipped by the Tibetans as the godhead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead).[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-9)
What are the requirements for obtaining them?
The awards are granted regardless of citizenship enjoyed by the individual or the religion to which he belongs, the only requirement to be set by Nobel himself in his will when he said: Awards will be given to those who, during the past year to grant the greatest benefit of mankind. It quoted him as Nboath famous "The discovery that this will lead to peace, and while aware that armies can one destroy the other in the moments at a terrible, will stand up the way for war."
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpgNelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_********) pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA); born 18 July 1918)[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-nobel-0) served as President of South Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa) from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid) activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe), the armed wing of the African National Congress (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress) (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage) and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robben_Island). Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-1)[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-2)
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_clan_name); or as tata (Xhosa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_********): father).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-3) Mandela has received more than 250 awards (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nelson_Mandela_awards_and_honours) over four decades, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize).
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch) of the Thembu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembu) dynasty, which reigns (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign) in the Transkei region (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkei) of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Province).[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-AllAfrica-5) He was born in Mvezo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvezo), a small village located in the district of Umtata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umtata).[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-AllAfrica-5) He has Khoisan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan) ancestry on his mother's side.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-M-Net-6) His patrilineal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality) great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngubengcuka) (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-7) One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan) (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mafela-8)), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession#Monarchies_and_nobility) to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadla_Henry_Mphakanyiswa), served as chief (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief) of the town of Mvezo.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-9) However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunu). Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council), and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty) Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_%28small_African_settlement%29) Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11) His given name (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name) Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-12)[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-longwalk-13)
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-14)
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent), Jongintaba, became his guardian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian).[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-GreatSouls-10) Mandela attended a Wesleyan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism) mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-BBC90th-15) Mandela completed his Junior Certificate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Certificate) in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-BBC90th-15) Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healdtown_Comprehensive_School), the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Beaufort) which most Thembu royalty (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family) attended.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-16) At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11)
After enrolling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation), Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hare_University), where he met Oliver Tambo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Tambo). Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship_and_descent), Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Matanzima) who, as royal scion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship) of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mafela-8) a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustan) policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-port-11) At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a Students' Representative Council (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_Representative_Council) boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hare) and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-17) Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws) from the University of London External Programme (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London_External_Programme).
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg).[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-mandela1996pp10.2C20-18) Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-NMF-19) However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_%28law%29). Mandela later started work as an articled clerk (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articled_clerk) at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sisulu).[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-NMF-19) While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Africa) via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Witwatersrand), where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Slovo), Harry Schwarz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schwarz) and Ruth First (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_First).[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-20) Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_ambassador_to_the_United_States). During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra,_South_Africa) township, north of Johannesburg.[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#cite_note-21)
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpgYasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat (arabe (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe) : ياسر عرفات), né le 24 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929) dans la ville du Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) en Égypte (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte) et mort le 11 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_novembre) novembre (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novembre_2004) 2004 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004) à Clamart (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamart) (Hauts-de-Seine (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine)) en France (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France), de son vrai nom Mohamed Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) et connu aussi sous son kounya (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyme) Abou Ammar (ابو عمّار), est un activiste (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activisme_politique) et homme d'État (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_d%27%C3%89tat) palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine).
Dirigeant du Fatah (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah) puis également de l'Organisation de libération de la Palestine (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Palestine), longtemps considéré comme un terroriste notamment par Israël (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl) en raison de son implication dans de nombreuses opérations qui ont coûté la vie à des civils et à des militaires israéliens, Yasser Arafat est resté pendant plusieurs décennies une figure controversée de l'expression par la violence des aspirations nationales palestiniennes (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiniens) avant d'apparaître pour Israël (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl) comme un partenaire de discussions dans le cadre du processus de paix israélo-palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_de_paix_isra%C3%A9lo-palestinien) dans les années 1990.
Yasser Arafat représente alors les Palestiniens (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiniens) dans les différentes négociations de paix et signe les accords d'Oslo (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_d%27Oslo) en 1993 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993). Il devient le premier président (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidents_de_l%27Autorit%C3%A9_palestinienne ) de la nouvelle Autorité palestinienne (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_palestinienne) et reçoit le prix Nobel de la Paix (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_la_paix) 1994 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994) en compagnie de Shimon Peres (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres) et Yitzhak Rabin (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin).
À partir de 2001 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001), après l'échec du sommet de Taba (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommet_de_Taba) et le déclenchement de la Seconde Intifada (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Intifada), il perd progressivement de son crédit auprès d'une partie de son peuple qui lui reproche la corruption de son autorité. Il se retrouve isolé sur la scène internationale tandis que les Israéliens élisent (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_du_Premier_ministre_isra%C3%A9lien_d e_2001) Ariel Sharon (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon) au poste de Premier ministre de l'État d'Israël, amenant un durcissement de la position israélienne vis-à-vis du dirigeant palestinien contraint à ne plus quitter Ramallah (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah). Cet isolement n'est rompu qu'à la veille de sa mort, quand il est emmené d'urgence à Clamart (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamart), en région parisienne, où il décède en 2004 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004).
Naissance
Son nom officiel est Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudua al-Husseini. Son biographe palestinien, Saïd K. Aburish, précise que « Mohammed Abdel Rahman était son prénom ; Abdel Raouf, le nom de son père ; Arafat, son grand-père ; al-Qudua est le nom de sa famille et al-Husseini (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_al-Husayni) est le nom du clan dont font partie les al-Qudua »[1] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-0).
Arafat se revendiquait encore comme étant le petit-neveu du célèbre grand mufti de Jérusalem Hadj Amin al-Husseini (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini)[2] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-1). Il est en outre le cousin de Leïla Shahid (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%AFla_Shahid)[3] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-2).
Yasser Arafat est né au Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) en Égypte (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte), le 4 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929). Un biographe de Yasser Arafat, Alan Hart, rapporte que des documents découverts à l’université du Caire ont permis de conclure qu’il était bien né dans la capitale égyptienne. Sixième d’une famille de sept enfants, son père est un commerçant originaire de Gaza (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza) et sa mère est originaire de Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem).
Cependant, lui-même déclarait être né à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) le 4 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_ao%C3%BBt) août (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%C3%BBt) 1929 (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929) ce qui est officiellement faux et authentiquement vérifié par les historiens. Selon son récit, sa mère aurait ainsi quitté le Caire durant sa grossesse suite à une dispute avec son époux, pour se rendre chez ses parents dans la ville sainte où elle aurait donné naissance à Yasser[4] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-3). Arafat aurait insisté sur le fait qu’il serait né à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) afin de préserver son existence mythique et ainsi accroître sa crédibilité en tant que dirigeant palestinien[5] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-4).
Né au Caire, il bénéficie de l’enseignement gratuit des écoles égyptiennes[6] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-media-5), il y passe la plus grande partie de son enfance et de son adolescence avec ses six frères et sœurs, à vendre des falafel au souk. Après le décès de sa mère, alors qu’il a cinq ans, il passe avec son frère, Fathi Arafat (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Arafat) — qui devient plus tard le président du Croissant-Rouge palestinien (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant-Rouge_palestinien) —, quatre ans à Jérusalem (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem) chez un de ses oncles maternels, Salim Abou Saoud[6] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-media-5), avant que son père, lorsqu’il se marie pour la deuxième fois[7] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-6), le fasse rentrer au Caire (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Caire) où sa sœur aînée s’occupe de lui[8] (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat#cite_note-nobel-7).
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpgDalaï-lama
The Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug) or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism). The name is a combination of the Mongolian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_********) word dalai meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_********) word བླ་མ་ bla-ma (with a silent "b") meaning "teacher".[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-0) According to the current Dalai Lama, the Tibetan word "lama" corresponds precisely to the better known Sanskrit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit) word "guru (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru)".
In religious terms, the Dalai Lama is believed by his devotees to be the rebirth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29) of a long line of tulkus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku) who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva) of compassion, Avalokiteśvara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara). Traditionally, the Dalai Lama is thought of as the latest reincarnation of a series of spiritual leaders who have chosen to be reborn in order to enlighten others. The Dalai Lama is often thought to be the leader of the Gelug (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug) School, but this position belongs officially to the Ganden Tripa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganden_Tripa), which is a temporary position appointed by the Dalai Lama who, in practice, exerts much influence.
For certain periods of time between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas sometimes directed the Tibetan government (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_government), which administered portions of Tibet from Lhasa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa). The 14th Dalai Lama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama) remained the head of state for the Central Tibetan Administration (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration) ("Tibetan government in exile") until his retirement on March 14, 2011. He has indicated that the institution of the Dalai Lama may be abolished in the future, and also that the next Dalai Lama may be found outside Tibet and may be female. [2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-1) The Chinese communist government was very quick to reject this and claimed that only they have the authority to select the next Dalai Lama, despite being an officially atheist nation.
In 1578 the Mongol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol) ruler Altan Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan) bestowed the title Dalai Lama on Sonam Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso). The title was later applied retrospectively to the two predecessors in his reincarnation line, Gendun Drup (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendun_Drup) and Gendun Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso). Gendun Gyatso was also Sonam Gyatso's predecessor as abbot of Drepung monastery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepung_monastery). However, the 14th Dalai Lama asserts that Altan Khan did not intend to bestow a title as such and that he intended only to translate the name "Sonam Gyatso" into Mongolian.
. . . many writers have mistranslated Dalai Lama as "Ocean of Wisdom". The full Mongolian title, "the wonderful Vajradhara, good splendid meritorious ocean", given by Altan Khan, is primarily a translation of the Tibetan words Sonam Gyatso (sonam is "merit").[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-2)
The 14th Dalai Lama commented:
The very name of each Dalai Lama from the Second Dalai Lama onwards had the word Gyatso [in it], which means "ocean" in Tibetan. Even now I am Tenzin Gyatso, so the first name is changing but the second part [the word "ocean"] became like part of each Dalai Lama's name. All of the Dalai Lamas, since the Second, have this name. So I don't really agree that the Mongols actually conferred a title. It was just a translation.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-3)
Whatever the intention may have been originally, the Mongolian "Dalai", which does not have any meaning as a Tibetan term, came to be understood commonly as a title.
The name or title Dalai Lama in Mongolian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_********) may also have derived originally from the title taken by Temüjin or Genghis Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan) when he was proclaimed emperor of a united Mongolia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) during 1206. Temüjin took the name Čingis Qāghan or "oceanic sovereign", the anglicized version of which is Genghis Khan.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-4)
Tibetans address the Dalai Lama as Gyalwa Rinpoche ("Precious Victor"), Kundun ("Presence"), Yishin Norbu ("Wish fulfilling Gem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintamani_%28jewel%29)") and so on.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-5)
Sonam Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonam_Gyatso) was an abbot at the Drepung Monastery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepung_Monastery) who was considered widely as one of the most eminent lamas of his time. Although Sonam Gyatso became the first lama to have the title "Dalai Lama" as described above, since he was the third member of his lineage, he became known as the "Third Dalai Lama". The previous two titles were conferred posthumously upon his supposed earlier incarnations.
Yonten Gyatso (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso) (1589–1616), the 4th Dalai Lama, and a non-Tibetan, was the grandson of Altan Khan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan).
The tulku (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku) tradition of the Dalai Lama has evolved into, and been inaugurated as, an institution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution):
"The institution of the Dalai Lama has become, over the centuries, a central focus of Tibetan cultural identity; "a symbolic embodiment of the Tibetan national character." Today, the Dalai Lama and the office of the Dalai Lama have become focal points in their struggle towards independence and, more urgently, cultural survival. The Dalai Lama is regarded as the principal incarnation of Chenrezig (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenrezig) (referred to as Avalokiteshvara (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara) in India), the bodhisattva of compassion and patron deity of Tibet. In that role the Dalai Lama has chosen to use peace and compassion in his treatment of his own people and his oppressors. In this sense the Dalai Lama is the embodiment of an ideal of Tibetan values and a cornerstone of Tibetan identity and culture."[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-6)
Verhaegen mentions the trans-polity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polity) influence that the Institution of the Dalai Lama has had historically in areas such as western China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China), Mongolia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia), Ladakh (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh) in addition to the other Himalayan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya) Kingdoms:
"The Dalai Lamas have also functioned as the principal spiritual guide to many Himalayan kingdoms bordering Tibet, as well as western China, Mongolia and Ladakh. The literary works of the Dalai Lamas have, over the centuries, inspired more than fifty million people in these regions. Those writings, reflecting the fusion of Buddhist philosophy embodied in Tibetan Buddhism, have become one of the world's great repositories of spiritual thought."[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-7)
The current Dalai Lama is often called "His Holiness (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Holiness)" (HH) by Westerners (by analogy with the Pope), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.
Before the 20th century, European sources often referred to the Dalai Lama as the "Grand Lama". For example, in 1785 Benjamin Franklin Bache (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache_%28journalist%29) mocked George Washington (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington) by terming him the "Grand Lama of this Country".[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-8) Some in the West believed the Dalai Lama to be worshipped by the Tibetans as the godhead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhead).[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama#cite_note-9)
What are the requirements for obtaining them?
The awards are granted regardless of citizenship enjoyed by the individual or the religion to which he belongs, the only requirement to be set by Nobel himself in his will when he said: Awards will be given to those who, during the past year to grant the greatest benefit of mankind. It quoted him as Nboath famous "The discovery that this will lead to peace, and while aware that armies can one destroy the other in the moments at a terrible, will stand up the way for war."
ارجوا من السادة المحترمين
اعطوني قائمة المرشحين الذين تظنهم كفئ لنيل جائزة نوبل مع ذكر مبدا او انجاز اي شخصية
الأمل الباسم
2011-11-04, 14:50
من المرشحين لنيل جائزة نوبل :
* عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
* لويزة حنون
* لينة بن مهني
* إسراء عبد الفتاح
* توكل كرمان
أرجو من الله أن تأخذ يا أخي هؤلاء بعين الإعتبار ... يوجد الكثير من هم مرشحون
imeneimene
2011-11-06, 16:52
Nelson Mandela
Mandela in 2008
President of South Africa
In office
10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999
Deputy Thabo Mbeki
Frederik Willem de Klerk
Preceded by Frederik Willem de Klerk
As State President of South Africa
Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki
19th Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
In office
2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999
Preceded by Andrés Pastrana Arango
Succeeded by Thabo Mbeki
Personal details
Born Rolihlahla Mandela
18 July 1918 (age 93)
Mvezo, South Africa
Nationality South African
Political party African National Congress
Spouse(s) Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–1957)
Winnie Madikizela (1957–1996)
Graça Machel (1998–present)
Children 6
Residence Houghton Estate, Johannesburg,Gauteng, South Africa
Alma mater
University of Fort Hare
University of London External System
University of South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand
Religion Methodism[citation needed]
Signature
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918)[1]served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotageand other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. As president from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.[2][3]
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa:father).[4] Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades, including the 1993Nobel Peace Prize.
Tributes to Nelson Mandela
The statue of Mandela in Parliament Square, London.
6 meter statue atNelson Mandela Square, Sandton, Johannesburg
Nelson Mandela Gardens in Leeds
Nelson Mandela Bridge in Johannesburg
Early life
Nelson Mandela circa 1937[5]
Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in theTranskei region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.[6] He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata.[6] He has Khoisan ancestry on his mother's side.[7] Hispatrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people.[8] One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"[9]), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.
Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, served as chiefof the town of Mvezo.[10] However, upon alienating the colonial authorities, they deprived Mphakanyiswa of his position, and moved his family to Qunu. Despite this, Mphakanyiswa remained a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and served an instrumental role in Jongintaba Dalindyebo's ascension to the Thembu throne. Dalindyebo would later return the favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Mphakanyiswa's death.[11]Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).[11] Mandela was born to his third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was a daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, thedynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.[12] His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".[13][14]
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".[15]
When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis, and the regent, Jongintaba, became hisguardian.[11] Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school located next to the palace of the regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute.[16] Mandela completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three.[16] Designated to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.[17] At nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running at the school.[12]
After enrolling, Mandela began to study for a Bachelor of Arts at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues. Mandela also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was in line for the throne of Transkei,[9] a role that would later lead him to embrace Bantustan policies. His support of these policies would place him and Mandela on opposing political sides.[12] At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in aStudents' Representative Council boycott against university policies, and was told to leave Fort Hare and not return unless he accepted election to the SRC.[18] Later in his life, while in prison, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme.
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. The young men, displeased by the arrangement, elected to relocate to Johannesburg.[19] Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.[20] However, the employer quickly terminated Mandela after learning that he was the Regent's runaway ward. Mandela later started work as an articled clerk at a Johannesburg law firm, Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, through connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu.[20] While working at Witkin, Sidelsky and Edelman, Mandela completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he began law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo, Harry Schwarz and Ruth First.[21] Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his Ambassador to Washington. During this time, Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.
:mh31:
Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize
On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to "the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Learn more about the Nobel Peace Prize from 1901 to 2011.
Alfred Nobel
The Man Behind the Nobel Prize
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.
imeneimene
2011-11-06, 16:56
THE PEACE
:):):):)
Peace is commonly understood as the absence of hostility, or the existence of healthy or newly-healed interpersonal or international relationships, safety in matters of social or economic welfare, the acknowledgment of equality and fairness in political relationships and, in world matters, peacetime; a state of being absent of any war or conflict. Reflection on the nature of peace is also bound up with considerations of the causes for its absence or loss. Among these potential causes are: insecurity, social injustice, economic inequality, political and religious radicalism, and acute racism and nationalism.
From the Anglo-Norman pas , and meaning "freedom from civil disorder", the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c.1300 as a translation of the biblical terms pax (from the Vulgate) and Greek eirene, which in turn were renderings of the Hebrew shalom. Shalom, cognate with the Arabic "salaam", has multiple meanings: safety, welfare, prosperity, security, fortune, friendliness. The personalized meaning is reflected in a nonviolent lifestyle, which also describes a relationship between any people characterized by respect, justice and goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's sense of himself or herself, as to be "at peace" with one's own mind attested in Europe from c.1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting a calm, serene, and meditative approach to the family or group relationships that avoids quarreling and seeks tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation.
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created. This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the Institute's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but this is not always possible
While world peace is theoretically possible, some believe that it is impossible to achieve.
The plausibility of world peace tacitly relies on the assumption of rational agents that base their decisions on future consequences, which is not self-evident
If peace is defined as the absence of hostility, violence and conflict, world peace would imply a worldwide end to violence and thus to institutions which rely on threats of violence to sustain their existence. It follows that there could be no law enforcement, because force is a form of violence. Without law enforcement, there could be no laws, except those which everyone voluntarily agrees to follow. Finally, there could be no governments of the type that rely on threats of violence to collect taxes, maintain their borders, or govern their citizens. Considered in this light, world peace goes beyond the cessation of nation-state warfare and calls for dramatic changes in most of the political institutions familiar to people worldwide.
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS OVOR THE PAST TEN YEARS
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
Switzerland "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents
2000 Kim Dae Jung
South Korea
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[
2001 United Nations Kofi Annan Ghana
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
2002 Jimmy Carter United States
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency
Austria "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt
2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh
"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"
2007 Grameen Bank Bangladesh Al Gore
United States "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2008 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Switzerland
Martti Ahtisaari Finland
"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"
2009 Barack Obama United States
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."
BIOGRAPHIES ABOUT THREE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS
Yasser Arafat (24 August 1929 in Cairo–11 November 2004) was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority, and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242.
Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country. He was "revered by many Arabs," and the majority of the Palestinian people, regardless of political ideology or faction, viewed him as a freedom fighter who symbolized their national aspirations. However, he was "reviled by many Israelis" and described "in much of the West as the world's number one terrorist" for the attacks his faction led against civilians.
Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between that country and the PLO. These included the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Lolso and the 2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, including Islamists and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994, Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time, Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories.
In late 2004, after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill, fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75. While the exact cause of his death remains unknown and no autopsy was performed, his doctors spoke of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cirrhosis.
Barack Hussein Obama born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current president of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office, as well as the
first president born in Hawaii. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.
Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for United States Senate in 2004. During the campaign, several events brought him to national attention, such as his victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary election for the United States Senator from Illinois as well as his prime-time televised keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004.
He began his run for the presidency in February 2007. After a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. On October 9, 2009, Obama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize.
Shirin Ebadi (born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, human rights activist and founder of Centre for the Defence of Human Rights in Iran. On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to have received the prize.
Since receiving the nobel prize Ebadi has lectured, taught and received awards in different countries, issued statements and defended people accused of political crimes in Iran. She has traveled to and spoken to audiences in India, the United States, and other countries; released her autobiography in an English translation; participated in the Nobel Women's Initiative along with five other Nobel Laureates.
In April 2008 she told Reuters news agency that Iran's human rights record had regressed in the past two years. and agreed to defend Baha’is arrested in Iran in May 2008.
In April 2008 Ebadi released a statement saying: "Threats against my life and security and those of my family, which began some time ago, have intensified," and that the threats warned her against making speeches abroad, and defending Iran's minority Baha'i community.
In December 2008, Iranian police shut down the office of a human rights group led by her. Another human rights group, Human Rights Watch, has said it was "extremely worried" about Ebadi's safety
A LIST OF POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FROM ALGERIA
THE ALGERIAN PRESIDENT ABDELAZIZ BOUTEFLIKA
of reasons of putting an end to the Ethiopia-Eritrea bloody conflict and using his diplomatic skills in putting an end to a long war between Iraq and Iran.
His most important contribution, was bringing peace and reconciliation to the people of Algeria and through awarding him the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize the Nobel Committee would be supporting and strengthening the peace process in Algeria.
LOUIZA HANNOUN
Of reasons of protection the worker's rights in Algeria and the world by her democratic experiences and its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law .And for the interesting of women as a member of the society
HOW THEY CAN MAKE PEACE IN THE WORLD
World peace is not a utopian dream -- it is within our grasp.
Wars are caused by conflicting ideas on what is acceptable national behaviour. The urge to exert national will and protect perceived rights, however irrational, ... is a powerful emotion. Wars begin in the minds of men.
For world peace, the upper brain must be in control
World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or peoples. World peace is a Utopian idea of planetary non-violence by which nations willingly cooperate, either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance which prevents warfare. Although the term is sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals, world peace more commonly refers to a permanent end to global and regional wars with future conflicts resolved through
HABIBA88
2011-11-11, 09:10
المرشحون هم,,,,,
1. زين دين زيدان
2. عبد العزيز بوتفليقة
3. المحامية التونسية راضية نصراوي
4. لينا بن مهنى، المحاضرة في الجامعة،
5. وائل غنيم مدير صفحة فيسبوك "كلنا خالد سعيد"
6. إسراء عبدالفتاح
7. نادية بوزاهر من ليانة
8. اسماعيل القطاري
9. روسية مدافعة عن حقوق الإنسان، والحقوقية الأفغانية سيما سامار
10,الإبراهمي الخضر
Algerian's light
2011-11-11, 09:14
What is the Nobel Prize?
The Nobel Prize is the brainchild of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who was best known in his lifetime for his invention of dynamite. Upon his death in 1896, a reading of his will revealed stipulations that over 90% of his estate should be used to establish prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.
What is the Nobel Peace Prize?
The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Know we know what’s a nobel peace prize. So now let’s discover it’s winners but before speakin about theme we ought to not that the greatest winners indeed aren’t those heros but they are : victims of wars , displaced children, refugees ………
List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (2001-2010)
2010:The prize goes to:LIU XIAOBO for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights
in China.
2009:The prize goes to:BARACK OBAMA for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international
diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.
2008:The prize goes to:Martti Ahtisaari(carelie) for his important efforts, on several
continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international
conflicts.
2007:The prize goes to:Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold ( AL)
GORE JR.(america).
for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about
man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures
that are needed to counteract such change.
2006:The prize goes to:Muhammad Yunus(bengladesh) andGrameen Bank for their efforts to create economic and social development from below international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
2005:The prize was awarded jointly to:International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed Elbaradei(Egypt)
for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for
military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful
purposes is used in the safest possible way.
2004:The prize was awarded to:Wangari Maathai (Kenya)
for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.
2003:The prize goes to:Shirin Ebadi (iran)for her efforts for democracy and human rights, she has focused escpecially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.
2002:The prize was awarded to:Jimmy Carter JR(america)., former President of the United States of America,
for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to
international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.
2001:The prize was awarded jointly to:United Nations, New York, NY, USA and Kofi Annan,(Ghanna) for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.
A SHORT BIOGRAPHIES ABOUT 3 OF THEME
1/Mohamed ElBaradei
Born: 17 June 1942, Cairo, Egypt
Residence at the time of the award: Egypt
Prize motivation: "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Role: Director General of IAEA
Field: Arms control and disarmament
Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei is the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an. He was appointed to the office effective 1 December 1997, and reappointed to a third term in September 2005.
Dr. ElBaradei was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1942. He gained a Bachelor's degree in Law in 1962 at the University of Cairo, and a Doctorate in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.
In October 2005, Dr. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts "to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." In addition, he has received multiple other awards for his work.
2/Barack H. Obama
Born: 4 August 1961, Honolulu, HI, USA
Residence at the time of the award: USA
Prize motivation: "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
Role: 44th President of the United States of America
Field: World organizing, arms control and disarmament
Barack H. Obama is the 44th President of the United States. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
He is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He began his run for the presidency in February 2007 and he reached his aim just on January 20, 2009 ..so we wonder how he could win the nobel peace prize Immediately on October 9, 2009
3/Tawakkol Karman
Born: 7 February 1979 (age 32) Taiz, Yemen
Residence at the time of the award: YEMEN
Prize motivation: "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work"
Karman is a Yemeni journalist, politician and senior member of Al-Islah political party, and human rights activist who heads the group "Women Journalists Without Chains,"
She earned an undergraduate degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a and a graduate degree in political science from the University of Sana'a. She is a writer and civil rights advocate.
How are the Nobel winner selected?
Our nominees for the prize for the next year…
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
(born March 2, 1937) has been the President of Algeria since 1999 Committee members named the Algerian President for a number of reasons among them using his diplomatic skills in putting an end to a long war between Iraq and Iran.
bringing peace and reconciliation to the people of Algeria and through awarding him the 2008 Nobel Peace Prizethe Nobel Committee would be supporting and strengthening the peace process in Algeria
2/National Coalition for the Homeless : is a international globular competition that help the homless and the political refugree to improve there life this organization deserve the nobel peace prize because it said out loud in front of all the dectators “ all the people have the right to live equal”
2-Nicolas Sarkozy,
born on 28 January 1955 in the 17th arrondissement of Paris), He is the 23rd and current President of the French Republic. Sarkozy has clearly been very active on the international stage, in Georgia and in the Middle East where he has tried to help bring an end to the Gaza war this way we select him.
The Nobel Peace Prize is just a small prize when we compare it with the hard efforts of the winners ; so we should be tolerant and make peace without waiting a prize because evry body have a duty to :
Make Peace
نسيم الصبا
2011-11-18, 21:53
انا أظن أنا بوتفليقة يستحق هذه الجايزة ... هو أول مرسح
afaf1990
2011-11-21, 10:57
سلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
براك الله فيك على الموضوع
و الجزاك اللله كل خيراً
cris sam
2012-01-01, 14:13
thunxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
ana lgit hadhou : k
• Abd el Aziz Bouteflika•
Lakhdar Brahimi
louisa hanoun
assia djebar
:dj_17:
sellami mohamed
2013-12-09, 16:43
ممكن تبعثولن اسماء المشحين 2014 اتعيشو الي عندو ايفيدن بيه
youcef zanoun
2013-12-09, 22:10
عبد العزيز بو تفليقة وبراهمي لخضر
ramzi mobile
2015-11-11, 17:34
اسماء جميع الشخصيات التي حازت على جائزة نوبل للسلام عبر التاريخ
هنري دونانت ولد في 8 مايو
1828م في جنيف وتوفي في 30 أكتوبر 1910م أول فائز بجائزة نوبل للسلام في
العالم ،وهو رجل أعمال سويسري وناشط اجتماعي، خلال رحلة عمل اجراها سنة
1859 إلى إيطاليا الفتية في فترة حرب سولفرينو. سجل ذكرياته وخبراته في
كتاب اسماه (ذكريات سولفرينو) الذي مهد لتاسيس الصليب الأحمر عام 1863.
معاهدة جنيف سنة1864 نشأت من افكار دونانت؛ وهو أول من حصل على جائزة نوبل
للسلام مناصفة مع فريدريك باس من فرنسا سنة 1901م.
فريدريك باس ولد في 20 مايو
1822م وتوفي في 12 يونيو 1912م اقتصادي فرنسي أول من حصل على جائزة نوبل
للسلام مناصفة مع جان هنري دونانت من سويسرا سنة 1901م.
إيلي دوكميان هو صحفي سويسري
ولد في 19 فبراير 1833 وتوفي في 7 ديسمبر 1906. عمل بين 1862 و1865
كمستشارا لمقاطعة جنيف. أسس في سنة 1867 رابطة السلام والحرية. في سنة 1871
عين مدير المكتب العالمي للسلام التي تعتبر أول منظمة غير حكومية وبقي في
ذلك المنصب حتى وفاته سنة 1906. حصل سنة 1902 على جائزة نوبل للسلام مناصفة
مع شارل ألبير غوبا.
شارل ألبير غوبا هو سياسي سويسري ولد في ترملان في 21 مايو 1843 وتوفي في 16 مارس 1914.
عمل في سنة 1882 كنائبا في المجلس الأكبر ومن ثم أمين عام الاتحاد
البرلماني الدولي بين 1892 و 1909. أدار بين 1911 و 1914 المكتب العالمي
للسلام الذي كان يرأسه ايلي دوكميان.
تقاسم شارل ألبير غوبا مع ايلي دوكميان على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1902.
ويليام راندال كريمر هو
برلماني بريطاني ولد في 18 مارس 1828 وتوقي في 22 جويلية 1908. ولد ويليام
لعائلة عمال. كان والده رساما وكان لديه شقيقتان. قامت أمه بتربية أبنائها
الثلاثة بعد أن هجر والده العائلة. وعاش حياة فقيرة. في سنة 1852 انخرط في
العمل النقابي.. قام بتأسيس هيئة العمال للسلام والتي كانت تهدف إلى إلى
تأسيس منظمة عالمية للتحكيم. حاز سنة 1903 على جائزة نوبل للسلام .
معهد القانون الدولي هي منظمة
تأسست سنة 1873 من قبل غوستاف موينر وغوستاف رولين-ياكويمنز. تهدف المنظمة
إلى دراسة ونشر القانون الدولي. يعتبر أعضاؤها من أبرز المحامين العالميين
بعمل بعضهم في المحكمة الجنائية الدولية. للمنظمة أربع فروع :
• مصر
• الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
• أوغندا
• نيجيريا
تحصلت المنظمة سنة 1904 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
برتا فون سوتنر هي ناشطة سلام
نمساوية ولدت في براغ في 9 جوان 1843 وتوفيت في فيينا في 21 جوان 1914.
عملت سنة 1876 سكرتيرة لألفريد نوبل عندما كان يقطن بباريس. بقيت على اتصال
مع ألفريد نوبل وكان يتبادلان الرسائل حتى وفاته سنة 1896. كانت رسالتها
تعكس إرادتها على نشر السلام وتعتبر برتا العامل الذي دفع نوبل إلى إنشاء
جائزة نوبل للسلام. تأثر فكر برتا بكل من هيربرت سبينسر وهنري توماس باكل
وتشارلز داروين كتبت سنة كتاب 1889 Die Waffen Nieder والذي يعني أسقطوا
الأسلحة وأكسبها هذا الكتاب شهرة عالمية وأسست سنة 1891 مؤسسة نمساوية
للسلام. صورتها اليوم محفورة على قطعة 2 يورو المنتجة في النمسا. حازت سنة
1905 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
ثيودور روزفلت (27 أكتوبر 1858
- 6 يناير 1919)، كان نائب الرئيس الأمريكي الخامس والعشرون، والرئيس
الأمريكي السادس والعشرون خلفا للرئيس السابق ويليام مكينلي الذي تم
اغتياله. تولى الرئاسة بالفترة من 1901 إلى 1909.
صانع سلام ومصلح اقتصادي. ولإنجازاته الكثيرة ودوره الكبير أثناء وجوده في
البيت الأبيض يعتبر روزفلت عادة من الرؤساء الأمريكيين العظام.
ثيودور روزفلت هو ابن عم الجد الخامس للرئيس الأمريكي اللاحق فرانكلين روزفلت.
بدأ حياته ضابطًا بشرطة مدينة نيويورك. حصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1906 لدوره في الوساطة لإنهاء الحرب الروسية اليابانية.
أرنستو تيودور مونيتا (Ernesto Teodoro Moneta) هو صحفي وناشط سلام إيطالي ولد في ميلانو في 20 سبتمبر 1833 وتوفي في 10 فبراير 1918.
ولد أرنستو لعائلة أرستوقراطية إيطالية. أسس سنة 1891 مؤسسة سلام تدعى
Società per la Pace e la Giustizia internazionale. توفي سنة 1918 جراء
إصابته بمرض البنومونيا.
حاز سنة 1907 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
لويس رينو هو بروفسور قانون
دولي فرنسي ولد في 21 مايو 1843 وتوفي في 8 فيفري 1918. حصل على بكالوريوس
من جامعة ديجون في الأدب ودرّس فيها الأدب ومن ثم القانون التجاري بين 1868
و 1873. في سنة 1874 عمل في كلية الدراسات السياسية بباريس وبروفسور قانون
دولي من سنة 1881. عن سنة 1890 مستشارا لوزارة الخارجية ومثل فرنسا في عدة
مؤتمرات دولية. دخل سنة 1901 إلى أكاديمية العلوم العِبَرية والسياسية.
حاز سنة 1907 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
كلاس بونتس ارنولدسون هو سياسي وصحفي وناشط سلام سويدي ولد في 27 أكتوبر 1844 في غوتنبرغ وتوفي في 20 فبراير 1916 في ستكهولم.
هو عضو مؤسس للرابطة السويدية للسلام والتحكيم التي أنشئت سنة 1883 وعمل
أمينا عاما لها. انخب سنة 1882 عضو في المجلس النواب السويدي وبقي في منصبه
إلى سنة 1887. عمل خلال فترته النيابية على مشروع حيادية الدول
الاسكندنافية.
تحصل سنة 1908 على جائزة نوبل للسلام مناصفة مع فريدريك باير.
فريدريك باير (Fredrik Bajer)
هو كاتب وسياسي وناشط سلام دنماركي ولد في 21 أبريل 1837 وتوفي في 22 يناير
1922. عمل ضابطا في الجيش الدنماركي خلال حرب 1864 ضذ النمسا وبروسيا. سمح
له بمغادرة الجيش سنة 1865 واستقر في كوبنهاغن حيث عمل بروفسورا وكاتبا
ومترجما. دخل سنة 1872 إلى المجلس النيابي الدنماركي وبقي فيه مدة ثلاثة
وعشرين سنة. عمل رئيس الاتحاد البرلماني الدولي والمكتب لاعاملي الدائم
للسلام.
أوجست ماري فرنسوا برناريت هو
سياسي بلجيكي ولد في 26 يوليو 1829 وتوفي في 6 أكتوبر 1912. تخرج من جامعة
لوفين حاملا شهادة في الحقوق تم تعيينه في 18 أبريل 1859 بمنشور ملكي محام
في محكمة الاستئناف. شغل بين 1884 و1894 منصب رئاسة وزراء بلجيكا وحاول
خلاا على تطوير الكونغو البلجيكية. حصل سنة 1909 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
بول دو كونستنت (Paul Henri
Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant)؛ (22 نوفمبر 1852 - 15 مايو 1924)،
سياسي فرنسي. درس الحقوق واللغات الشرقية في معهد لويس الأكبر. عمل في مجلس
الشيوخ الفرنسي كممثل لسارت بين 1904 و1924. عارض السياسة الاستعمارية
للجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة. حصل سنة 1909 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
المكتب الدولي للسلام هي مؤسسة
تأسست سنة 1891 إثر مؤتمر السلام العالمي الثالث في روما. يعتبر المكتب
الدولي للسلام الواقع في مدينة برن السويسرية أقدم مؤسسة سلام دولية. يعتبر
فريدريك باير من أبرز مؤسيسيه وهو كذلك أول رئيس للمنظمة. تهدف المنظمة
إلى ربط الجهود مختلف مجتمعات السلام وترويج مبدأ الحل السلمي للنزاعات
الدولية. كان المكتب في ذلك الوقت يمثل المجتمع السلمي وكانت جميع منظمات
السلام أعضاءا فيه. لقي الكتب بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى والثانية ضربة
موجعة لنشاطه مما أثر في مجال أعماله وفي نفوذه.
تحصل المكتب سنة 1910 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
توبياس ميخائيل كايل آسر هو خبير قانوني هولندي ولد في 28 أفريل 1838 بأمستردام وتوفي في 29 جويلية 1913 بلاهاي.
درس بين 1862 و 1893 القانون الدولي في أتنهاوم وفي جامعة أمستردام. في سنة
1875 عمل مستشارا لوزارة الخارجية ولوزير الدولة سنة 1904. في سنة 1869
كان أحد مؤسسي مجلة القانون الدولي والتشريع المقارن (Revue de droit
international et de législation comparée). ترأس في سنة 1893 و 1894 و
1900 و 1901 مؤتمر لاهاي.
تحصل سنة 1911 على جائزة نوبل للسلام مع ألفريد هيرمان لإنشائهما المحكمة الدائمة للتحكيم في لاهاي.
ألفريد هيرمان هو صحفي وناشط سلام نمساوي ولد في 11 نوفمبر 1864 بفيينا وتوفي في 5 ماي 1921 بفيينا.
في سنة 1892 ساهم في تأسيس حركة السلام الألمانية وكان يدعم فكرة إنشاء
منظمة عصرية لتأمين السلام في العالم. كان أيضا أعد الداعمين لحركة
الإسبرانتو. عند اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى هاجر إلى سويسرا احتجاجا على
السياسة الألمانية.
تحصل سنة 1911 على جائزة نوبل للسلام مع توبياس ميخائيل كايل آسر.
اليهو روت هو محامي وديبلوماسي
أمريكي ولد في 15 فيفري 1845 وتوفي في 7 فيفري 1937. بين 1899 و 1904 عمل
وزير الحرب الأمريكي. في سنة 1905 عينه روزفلت وزير دولة. في جولة قام بها
في أمريكا الاتينية أقتع عدة دول بالمشاركة في مؤتمر لاهاي للسلام. بين
1909 و 1915 عمل نائبا جمهوريا عن ولاية نيوريورك في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي.
عمل بعد ذلك رئيسا لمؤسسة كارنيجي للسلام الدولي بين 1910 و 1925. ساعد
كذلك في إنشاء أكاديمية لاهاي للقانون الدولي. تحصل سنة 1912 على جائزة
نوبل للسلام لمساهمته في جمع الدول من خلال التحكيم والتعاون.
هنري لافونتين (22 أبريل 1854 - 14 مايو 1943)، سياسي بلجيكي.
ولد لافونتينم في بروكسل في عائلة برجوازية. درس الحقوق في جامعة بروكسل
الحرة. كان يحب كذلك تسلق الجبال والأدب والسياسة وأصدر عدة كتب تتعلق بهذه
المواضيع. انخرط في الحياة السياسية البلجيكية وعمل ممثل عن عدة مقاطعات
في مجلس الشيوخ ودافع خلال فترته عن التعليم وحقوق المرأة. ساهم في إنشاء
المكتب الدولي للسلام الذي ترأسه سنة 1907.
حاز سنة 1913 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
تم تأسيس اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر منذ
قرابة قرن ونصف القرن. وتسعى هذه المنظمة إلى الحفاظ على قدر من الإنسانية
في خضم الحروب. ويسترشد عملها بالمبدأ القائل بوضع حدود للحرب نفسها: أي
حدود لتسيير الأعمال الحربية وحدود لسلوك الجنود. وتُعرف مجموعة الأحكام
التي وضعت استنادا إلى هذا المبدأ والتي أقرتها كل أمم العالم تقريبا،
بالقانون الدولي الإنساني الذي تشكل اتفاقيات جنيف حجر أساسه.
اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر منظمة مستقلة ومحايدة تقوم بمهام الحماية
الإنسانية وتقديم المساعدة لضحايا الحرب والعنف المسلح. وقد أوكلت إلى
اللجنة الدولية، بموجب القانون الدولي، مهمة دائمة بالعمل غير المتحيز
لصالح السجناء والجرحى والمرضى والسكان المدنيين المتضررين من النزاعات.
وإلى جانب مقرها الرئيسي في جنيف، هناك مراكز للجنة الدولية في حوالي 80
بلداً
وودرو ويلسون (28 ديسمبر 1856 -
3 فبراير 1924)، الرئيس الثامن والعشرون للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
بالفترة من 4 مارس 1913 إلى 4 مارس 1921. حصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة
1919
ليون بورجوا واسمه الكامل هو
ليون فيكتور اوغوست بورجوا (Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois) هو سياسي
فرنسي. ولد في 21 مايو 1851 في باريس، وتوفي في 29 سبتمبر 1925.
درس الحقوق وعمل في المحاماة مدة قصيرة. انتخب سنة 1888 نائبا في البرلمان
الفرنسي وأصبح سنة 1890 وزير داخليتها. مثل فرنسا في مؤتمر الجزيرة الخضراء
وكان عندها وزير خارجيتها.في سنة 1903 عين عضوا في المحكمة الدائمة
للتحكيم بلاهاي. شارك في إنشاء عصبة الأمم وأصبح في سنة 1919 أول رئيس لها.
حاز سنة 1920 على جائزة نوبل للسلام وترأس كذلك في نفس السنة مجلس الشيوخ الفرنسي.
كارل هايلمار برانتينج هو سياسي سويدي ولد في 23 نوفمبر 1860 وتوفي في 24 فيفري 1925.
درس علم الفلم وعين مساعدا في مرصد ستكهولم ولكنه ترك مسيرته العلمية
ليكرسها للصحافة سنة 1884. أطلق سنة 1886 جريدة (Social-Demokraten) وأنشأ
سنة 1889 مع أوغست بالم حزب العمل الاجتماعي الديمقراطي. في سنة 1897 أصبح
أول ممثل عن الحزب يتم انتخابه في البرلمان ومن ثم قام بين 1907 و 1925
بترأس الحزب. عمل في منصب رئيس وزراء السويد ثلاث مرات مصبحا : من 10 مارس
إلى 27 أكتوبر 1920 ومن ثم بين 13 أكتوبر 1921 إلى 19 أفريل 1923 ومن ثم
بين 18 أكتوبر 1923 ة 24 جانفي 1925. قام بإدخال السويد إلى عصبة الأمم
وكان نشطا داخلها. في سنة 1917 دعم ثورة فيفري الروسية.
تحصل سنة 1921 على جائزة نوبل للسلام مع كريستيان لويس لانج.
كريستيان لويس لانج هو سياسي نرويجي ولد في 17 سبتمبر 1869 في سترفنجر وتوفي في 11 ديسمبر 1938.
كان جده من والده ناشر ومؤرخ بينما كان والده مهندسا في الجيش. تحصل على
بكالورويس من جامعة أوسلو في سنة 1893. درس التاريخ في معهد نوبل النرويجي
بين 1890 و 1909.انتخب أمين عام الاتحاد البرلماني الدولي في سنة 1919 وبقي
في هذا المنصب حتو تقاعده سنة 1933. في سنة 1907 مثل النرويج مؤتمر السلام
العالمي بلاهاي. عرف عنه كونه شخصية سلمية وتحصل سنة 1921 على جائزة نوبل
للسلام مع كارل هايلمار برانتينج.
فريتيوف نانسين هو مستكشف
نرويجي ولد في 10 أكتوبر 1861 وتوفي في 13 ماي 1930. له الفضل في أول رحلة
استكشافية قطبية نرويجية ويعتبر أول شخص اقارب من القطب الشمالي.
دخل سنة 1881 الجامعة لدراسة علم الحيوان وعمل في متحف برجن بعد تخرجه وبدأ بحثه على النظام العصبي للحيوانات المائية.
خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى عين رئيس البعثة النرويجية في واشنطن. في سنة
1919 أصبح رئيس البعثة النرويجية في عصبة الأمم. في 1 سبتمبر 1921 أصبح أول
مفوض سامي للاجئين لعصبة الأمم. في 5 جويلية 1922 تمت المصادقة في جينيف
على جواز نانسين الذي يسمح للأشخاص المهجرين الحصول على هوية. إثر هذا
الاتفاق تحصل يتجو نانسين على جائزة نوبل للسلام. عمل من 1921 إلى 1923 عند
الصليب الأحمر كمسوؤل عن التغذية.
توفي في 13 ماي 1930. تم إطلاق اسمه على شرخ في القمر والمريخ تكريما له.
أوستن شامبرلين هو سياسي بريطاني ولد في 16 أكتوبر 1863 في لندن وتوفي في 17 مارس 1937 في برمينغهام.
درس شامبرلين في معهد ترينيتي بجامعة كامبردج. قام بعد دراسته بالسفر في
أوروبا وزار خصوصا كل من فرنسا ،ودرس في معهد العلوم السياسية، وبرلين ودرس
في جامعتها. بعد عودته إلى لندن انتخب نائبا عن حزب المحافظين في مجلس
العموم سنة 1892. في سنة 1900 أصبح وزير المالية. عمل وزير الهند بين 1915 و
1917. بين 1925 و 1929 خدم في منصب وزير الخارجية.
حاز سنة 1925 جائزة نوبل للسلام لمساهمته في اتفاقية لوكارنو.
أريستيد بريان هو سياسي وديبلوماسي فرنسي ولد في 28 مارس 1862 في نانت وتوفي في 7 مارس 1932 في باريس.
تولى رئاسة الوزارة في الجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة ست مرات: هو الوحيد من
رؤساء وزراء فرنسا الذي تولى رئاسة الوزارة ست مرات. كما تولى العديد من
المناصب الوزارية مثل العدل، والداخلية، والحرب، إضافة إلى وزارة الخارجية
التي كان يتولاها غالباً في الحكومات التي يرأسها.
تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1926 مناصفة مع جوستاف ستريسمان وزير
خارجية ألمانيا لعملهما على إعادة العلاقات الألمانية الفرنسية إلى مجراها
الطبيعي وعمله لترويج ميثاق بريان كيلوج.
جوستاف ستريسمان هو سياسي ألماني ولد في 10 ماي 1878 ببرلين وتوفي في 3 أكتوبر 1929 في برلين.
درس الاقتصاد في برلين ولايبزغ، وعمل كمستشار لإحدى الشركات بساكس. في سنة
1903 انضم إلى الحزب الوطني الحر. عمل مستشار من ثم وزير خارجية. قام
بتوقيع عدة معاهدات صلح. تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1926 مناصفة مع
أريستيد بريان.
فرديناد بويسون هو سياسي فرنسي
مؤسس رابطة حقوق الإنسان. ولد في باريس في 20 ديسمبر 1841 وتوفي في 16
فيفري 1932. ساهم كذلك في تأسيس الرابطة الفرنسية لحقوق الإنسان التي
ترأسها بين 1913 و 1926.
عمل بين 1879 و 1896 كمدير للتعليم الابتدائي. شغل منصب نائب عن منطقة
السان بين 1902 و 1914 ومن ثم بين 1919 و 1924 وعرف عنه دفاعه الشديد
للتعليم المهني الإجباري وحق المرأة في التصويت. ساند إنشاء عصبة الأمم كما
ساند التقارب الفرنسي الألماني. تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام مع لودنيج
كويد سنة 1927.
لودنيج كويد هو ناشط سلام
ألماني ولد في 23 مارس 1858 وتوفى في 4 مارس 1941،وكان ولداً لعائلة ثرية
برجوازية، فكبر في مدينة بريمن وعرف بنقده اللاذع وخصوصا تجاه القيصر
الألماني فيلهلم الثاني. كما عاصر أربعة مراحل من تاريخ ألمانيا وهي : فترة
حكم أوتو فون بسمارك وثم فترة حكم فيلهلم الثاني وجمهورية فايمار وألمانيا
النازية. حاز سنة 1927 على جائزة نوبل للسلام. وعند وصول أدولف هتلر إلى
الحكم سنة 1939 هرب إلى سويسرا وإستقر في جينيف. توفي سنة 1941 في المنفى
بسويسرا عن عمر يناهز 83 عاماً.
فرانك بيلينجز كيلوج هو سياسي أمريكي ولد في 22 ديسمبر 1856 في ولاية نيويورك وتوفي في 21 ديسمبر 1937.
عمل بين 1917 و 1923 كيسناتور عن الحزب الجمهوري عن ولاية مينيسوتا. بين
1925 و 1929 شغل منصب وزير الخارجية خلال ولاية كالفين كوليدج. تحصل سنة
1929 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
لارس أولف ناثان سود بريلوم ولد في 15 جانفي 1866 وتوفي في 12 جويلية 1931 هو رجل دين سويدي تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1930.
جان آدمز هي فيلسوفة وعالمة نفس أمريكية ولدت في 6 سبتمبر 1860 وتوفيت في 21 ماي 1935 تحصلت على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1931.
نيكولاس موارى بتلر هو أكاديمي وسياسي أمريكي ولد في 2 أبريل 1862 بولاية نيوجيرسي وتوفي في 7 ديسمبر عام 1947.
ترأس سنة 1901 جامعة كولومبيا التي سبق أن تخرج منها. هو كذلك عضو في الحزب
الجمهوري. تقدم سنة 1920 للانتخابات الأولية عن الحزب الجمهوري للترشح
لمنصب رئيس الجمهورية ولكنه هزم من قبل وارن هاردنج. عاود الترشح سنة 1928
ولكنه فشل مرة أخرى. تحصل سنة 1931 على جائزة نوبل للسلام لترويجه لميثاق
بريان كيلوج.
نورمان إنجيل هو أديب وسياسي بريطاني ولد في 26 ديسمبر 1872 وتوفي في 7 أكتوبر 1967.
ولد نورمان لعائلة فيها سنة أطفال ودرس في جامعة جنيف. في سنة السابعة
العشرة ذهب إلى الولايات المتحدة واشتغل في عدة مهن بكاليفورنيا كراعي بقر
وصحفي. مكث فترة قصيرة في إنجلترا في 1898 وانتقل بعد ذلك إلى باريس وعمل
فيها بين 1905 و 1912 محررا لدايلي مايل. عاد بعد ذلك ‘لى إنجلترا وانتسب
إلى حزب العمال سنة 1920 ومثله في البرلمان البريطاني عن منطقة برادفورد
الشمالية.
كتب سنة 1909 كتاب مناهض للحرب اسمه Europe's Optical Illusion وعرف في
الولايات المتحدة باسم The Great Illusion نال عنه جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة
1933.
أرثر هندرسون هو سياسي بريطاني
من المدافعين عن نزع الأسلحة ولد في 13 سبتمبر 1863 في مدينة غلاسغو لأب
يعمل في مجال الأقمشة وتوفي في 20 أكتوبر 1935. ترأس حزب العمال البريطاني
خلال ثلاث فترات قصيرة وهي: 1908-1910 و 1914-1917 و 1931-1932.
شغل منصب وزير الخارجية بين 1929 و 1931. تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1934 لترأسه مؤتمر جينيف لنزع الأسلحة.
كافون أوسيتزكيرل صحفي وناشط
سلام ألماني ولد في 3 أكتوبر 1889 في هامبورغ وتوفى في 4 مايو 1938 في
برلين. حصل سنة 1935 على جائزة نوبل للسلام ولكن الحكومة الألمانية منعته
من السفر إلى النرويج لتسلم جائزته. توفي سنة 1938 بمرض السل.
كارلوس سافيدرا لاماس هو أكاديمي وسياسي أرجنتيني ولد في 1 نوفمبر 1878 في بوينس آيرس وتوفي في 5 ماي 1959.
ينتمي كارلوس إلى عائلة ارستوقراطية. تحصل على دكتوراة في الحقوق من جامعة
بوينس آيرس وبدأ مسيرته المهنية كأستاذ حقوق وعلم المجتمع في جامعة دي
لابلاتا الوطنية.
تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1936 مصبحا بذلك أول شخصية لاتنية تتحصل
على جائزة نوبل وذلك لعمله خلال شغله لمنصب وزير خارجية الأرجنتين بين 1932
و 1938 لوساطته بين بوليفيا وباراغواي وإنهاء حرب تشاكو.
ترأس جامعة بوينس ايرس بين 1941 و 1943.
ادجار الجيرنون روبرت جاسكوين
هو سياسي ومحامي وديبلوماسي بريطاني ولد في 14 سبتمبر 1864 وتوفي في 24
نوفمبر 1958. هو أحد مهندسي عصبة الأمم ومن أشد مدافيعها مما جعله يتحصل
على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1937.
ادجار هو ابن روبرت اسكوين سياسي بريطاني بارز شغل منصب رئيس وزراء بريطانيا ثلاث مرات.
انتخب سنة 1906 في مجلس العموم عن حزب المحافظين. عمل خلال الحرب العالمية
الأولى لصالح الصليب الأحمر. اقترح على عصبة الأمم اعتماد لغة إسبرانتو كحل
لمشكلة اللغة.
مكتب نانسين الدولي للاجئين
كان مكتب تابع لعصبة الأمم، وكان يتولى أمور اللجئين دوليا في مناطق الحروب
ما بين عام 1930 و1939. كان مقره في جنيف بسويسرا، و حاز على جائزة نوبل
للسلام في عام 1938.
كورديل هل هو شخصية سياسية
أمريكية ولد في 2 أكتوبر 1871 وتوفي في 23 جويلية 1955. شغل منصب وزير
الخارجية الأمريكي بين 1933 و 1944 وذلك خلال رئاسة فرانكلين روزفلت. تحصل
سنة 1945 على جائزة نوبل للسلام وذلك لعمله على إنشاء منظمة الأمم المتحدة.
إميلي جرين بلاش هي اقتصادية
ونقابية أمريكية ولدت في 8 جانفي 1867 في بوسطن وتوفيت في 9 جانفي 1961
بكامبردج. قامت بتأسيس الاتحاد العالمي للمرأة من أجل السلام والحرية التي
عملت كأمينة عامة لها بين 1919 و 1922 وبين 1934 و 1935.
حصلت على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1946 مناصفة مع جون راليج موت.
جون راليج موت هو مبشر أمريكي
بروتستانتي رئيس لاتحاد الشباب المسيحي ولد في نيو يورك في 25 ماي 1865
وتوفي في 31 جانفي 1955. درس التاريخ في جامعة أيوا العلية. تحصل على
بكالوريوس من جامعة كورنيل سنة 1888.
تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1946 مع اميلي جرين بلاش لعمله على تقوية
المنظمات البروتستنانية الطلابية التي عملت على نشر السلام.
لجنة أمريكا لخدمات الأصدقاء
(بالإنجليزية: American Friends Service Committee) هي منظمة تابعة
للجمعية الدينية للأصدقاء (كواكر) والتي تعمل على الإغاثة الإنسانية،
العدالة الاجتماعية، السلام، المصالحة، حقوق الإنسان وإلغاء عقوبة الإعدام.
تأسست المجموعة في عام 1917 باعتبارها جهدًا مشتركًا لأعضاء أمريكيين
بالجمعية الدينية للأصدقاء ساعدوا الضحايا المدنيين في الحرب.
مجلس خدمات الأصدقاء
(بالإنجليزية: Quaker Peace and Social Witness) كانت تعرف سابقا باسم
مجلس خدمة الأصدقاء وبعد ذلك كويكر السلام والخدمات العامة، هي واحدة من
اللجان المركزية للاجتماع السنوي البريطاني للجمعية الدينية للأصدقاء
(المنظمة الوطنية للكويكرز في بريطانيا). وتعمل على تعزيز شهادات الكويكرز
البريطانية للمساواة والعدالة والسلام، والبساطة والحقيقة. تعمل جنبا إلى
جنب مع جماعات الضغط المحلية الصغيرة والدولية الكبيرة.
في عام 1947 حصل مجلس خدمات الأصدقاء بالاشتراك مع نظيرته الأمريكية اللجنة الأمريكا لخدمات الأصدقاء على جائزة نوبل للسلام
جون بويد هو أخصائي أغذية وفيزيالوجي اسكتلندي ولد في 23 سبتمبر 1880 وتوفي في غلاسغو في 25 جوان 1971.
رالف بنش هو ديبلوماسي أمريكي
وبروفيسور بجامعة هارفارد عمل وسيطا في فلسطين عام 1948. ولد في 7 أوت 1904
وتوفي في 9 ديسمبر 1971. تحصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام سنة 1950 لعمله كوسيط
الأمم المتحدة في فلسطين أثناء فترة الصراع في سنة 1948 بين العرب
واليهود.
شغل منصب أول مدير عام منظمة الأغذية والزراعة كما ترأس مجلس السلام القومى
ومنظمة السلام العالمى. تحصل سنة 1949 على جائزة نوبل للسلام.
ليون جوو هو نقابي فرنسي ولد
في باريس في 1 جويلية 1879 وتوفي في 28 أفريل 1954 في باريس. ترأس نقابة
الكنفدرالية العامة للشغل وهي أكبر ومن أعرق النقابات في فرنسا. تحصل سنة
1951 على جائزة نوبل للسلام من أجل نضاله
?لبيرت شوايتزر (1875 - 1965)
فيلسوف وطبيب وعالم ديني وموسيقي وفيزيائي ألماني? ?صله من الألزاس. حصل
عام 1952 على جائزة نوبل للسلام لفلسفته عن تقديس الحياة. لكن من أعظم
وأشهر أعماله تأسيس وإدارة مستشفى في الغابون، غرب وسط أفريقيا.
ولد جورج مارشال في 31 ديسمبر
1880 في مدينة يونينتاون بولاية بنسلفانيا وتخرج من المعهد العسكري بولاية
فرجينيا عام 1901 وعُين ضابطاً برتبة ملازم ثان وخدم خلال السنوات السابقة
للحرب العالمية الأولى فترتين في الفلبين وأُسندت إليه عدة مهام ميدانية
كما عمل في عدة معاهد عسكرية.
nina2012
2016-02-14, 19:53
ارجوووووكم ممكن قائمة المرشحين للفوز بجائزة نوبل للسلام للعام القادم-2/3 سير داتية للمرشحين للعام القادم-انجازاتهم-في اي مجال تطور السلااام في العاااااااااااااالم ارجوووووووووووووووووكم راني مقصووووووبة بيه اذا عندكم معلوماااات متبخلونيش
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