English from A to Z

[hairless17]

here you put lessons for beginners
english only

[cute_angel]

whose going to put lessons???

[hairless17]

you are going to do it if you want
or I will do it myself

[أم بدر الدين]

first lesson for beginners

http://www.omniglot.com/images/writing/english_abc.gif

[أم بدر الدين]

Second lesson for beginners

1. It is a bedroom. Is it a bedroom? Yes, it is a bedroom.

2. It is a bed. Is it a bed? Yes, it is a bed.

3. It is a chair. Is it a chair? Yes, it is a chair.

4. There is a bed. Is there a bed? Yes, there is a bed.

5. There is a chair. Is there a chair? Yes, there is a chair.

6. There are two chairs. Are there two chairs? Yes, there are two chairs.

7. This is a bedroom. Is this a bedroom? Yes, this is a bedroom.

8. That is a chair. Is that a chair? Yes, that is a chair.

9. There is one bed. There are two chairs.

10. There are three pictures. There are two chairs.

11. These are chairs. Those are pictures.

12. There is one mirror and there is one table in the bedroom.
http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/a.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/k.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/i.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/l.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/a.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)http://www.make-myspace.com/glitter/gf/11/m.gif (http://www.make-myspace.com/)

[hairless17]

thanks malika ahlem

[smart]

hi guys i need help with phonetic transcription
please !!!!!help!!!

[hairless17]

you will get it today

[hairless17]

Phonetic transcription
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Broad transcription)
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Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human ********. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet).

*******s [hide]
1 Phonetic transcription versus orthography
2 History
3 Narrow vs. broad transcription
4 Types of notational systems
4.1 Alphabetic
4.1.1 Other transcription systems
4.2 Iconic
4.3 Analphabetic
5 Bibliography
6 See also
7 External links



[edit] Phonetic transcription versus orthography
The actual pronunciation of words in many ********s, versus their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a ********. Traditional orthography in some ********s, particularly French and English, often differs from the pronunciation. For example, the words "bough" and "trough" are pronounced very differently in English, even though they are spelled the same way. In French, for example, the 's' at the áend of words is usually silent ("militaire" is pronounced the same as "militaires") unless followed by a word beginning in a vowel. In the orthography of most European ********s, the fact that many letters are pronounced or silent depending on con****s causes difficulties in determining the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English and French. However, in other ********s, such as Spanish and Italian, there is a consistent relationship between orthography and pronunciation.

Therefore, phonetic transcription can provide a function that orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship between symbols and sounds, unlike the traditional Roman alphabet. Phonetic transcription allows us to step outside of orthography and examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given ********, as well as to identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.

Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.





[edit] History
Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.





[edit] Narrow vs. broad transcription
Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a ********, or it may wish to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may therefore distinguish between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Broad transcription indicates only the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum. One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference.

For example, one particular pronunciation of the English word little may be transcribed using the IPA as /ˈlɪtl̩/ or [ˈlɪtɫ̩]; the broad, phonemic transcription, placed between slashes, indicates merely that the word ends with phoneme /l/, but the narrow, allophonic transcription, placed between square brackets, indicates that this final /l/ ([ɫ]) is dark.

The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to get exactly the right sound, and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of ******** variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all speakers of a ********. Most Americans and Australians would pronounce the /t/ of little as a tap [ɾ]. Many people in England would say /t/ as [ʔ] (a glottal stop) and/or the second /l/ as [w]. A further disadvantage in less technical con****s is that narrow transcription involves a larger number of symbols which may be unfamiliar to non-specialists.

The advantage of the broad transcription is that it allows statements to be made which apply right across a relatively diverse ******** community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign ******** dictionaries, which may discuss allophones in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. A rule of thumb in many linguistics con****s is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is necessary for the point being made, but a broad transcription whenever possible.


[edit] Types of notational systems
Most phonetic transcription is based on the assumption that linguistic sounds are segmentable into discrete units than can be represented by symbols.

Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.





[edit] Alphabetic

IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is one of the most popular and well-known phonetic alphabets. It was originally created by primarily British ******** teachers, with later efforts from European phoneticians and linguists. It has changed from its earlier intention as a tool of foreign ******** pedagogy to a practical alphabet of linguists. It is currently becoming the most often seen alphabet in the field of phonetics.

Most American dictionaries employ variations of English Phonemic Representation (enPR). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English ******** made this system popular, and for this reason it is sometimes known as AHD.

Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of Native American and European ********s. There exist somewhat similar traditions used by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Slavic ********s. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is relatively small, although often the specially created characters of the IPA are often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies).

There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example: extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Canepari's canIPA.


[edit] Other transcription systems
The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the Americanist phonetic notation, devised for representing American ********s, but used by some US linguists as an alternative to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to Slavic, Indic, Finno-Ugric, and Caucasian linguistics, as well as other regional specialties. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs.

Other alphabets, such as Hangul, may have their own phonetic extensions. There also exist featural phonetic transcription systems, such as Alexander Melville Bell's Visible Speech and its derivatives.

The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets "[ ]". A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in slashes "/ /" instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the ******** being transcribed.

Phonetic transcriptions try to objectively capture the actual pronunciation of a word, whereas phonemic transcriptions are model-dependent. For example, in The Sound Pattern of English, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle transcribed the English word night phonemically as /nixt/. In this model, the phoneme /x/ is never realized as [x], but shows its presence by "lengthening" the preceding vowel. The preceding vowel in this case is the phoneme /i/, which is pronounced [aɪ] when "long". So phonemic /nixt/ is *****alent to phonetic [naɪt], but underlying this analysis is the belief that historical sounds such as the gh in night may remain in a word long after they have ceased to be pronounced, or that a phoneme may exist in a ******** without ever being directly expressed. (This was later rejected by both Chomsky and Halle.)

For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a ******** in the broadest terms is called a broad transcription; in some cases this may be *****alent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a narrow transcription. These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets.

For example, in some dialects the English word pretzel in a narrow transcription would be [ˈpʰɹ̥ʷɛʔt.sɫ̩], which notes several phonetic features that may not be evident even to a native speaker. An example of a broad transcription is [ˈpʰɹɛt.sɫ̩], which only indicates some of the easier to hear features. A yet broader transcription would be [ˈpɹɛt.sl]. Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without going into any unnecessary detail. None of these transcriptions make any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to produce the sounds that make up the word.

There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are generally not of precision, but of analysis. For example, pretzel could be /ˈprɛt.sl̩/ or /ˈpret.səl/. The special symbol for English r is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled r. The differences in the letter e reflect claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of pretzel and pray; there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they can't both be heard, while the first claims there is only one.

However, phonemic transcriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete. They may show a fair amount of phonetic detail, usually of a phoneme's most common allophone, but because they are abstract symbols they do not need to resemble any sound at all directly. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a 'one sound one symbol' policy, or may even be restricted to the ASCII symbols of a typical keyboard. For example, the English word church may be transcribed as /ʧɝʧ/, a close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as /crc/, which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be explained, especially when they are as divergent from actual pronunciation as /crc/.

Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in pipes ("| |"). This goes beyond phonology into morphological analysis. For example, the words pets and beds could be transcribed phonetically as [pʰɛʔts] and [b̥ɛdz] (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as /pets/ and /bedz/. Because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English (unlike Spanish, for example), they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, you probably recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If you believe the plural ending is essentially an s, as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed |pets| and |beds|. If, as most linguists would probably suggest, it is essentially a z, these would be |petz| and |bedz|.

To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word jet is not read as "yet". This is done with angle brackets or chevrons: 〈jet〉. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original ********'s orthography, and not in English transliteration.


[edit] Iconic

Visible SpeechIn iconic phonetic notation, the shapes of the phonetic characters are designed so that they visually represent the position of articulators in the vocal tract. This is unlike alphabetic notation, where the correspondence between character shape and articulator position is arbitrary. This notation is potentially more flexible than alphabetic notation in showing more shades of pronunciation (MacMahon 1996:838-841). An example of iconic phonetic notation is the Visible Speech system, created by Scottish phonetician, Alexander Melville Bell (Ellis 1869:15).


[edit] Analphabetic
Another type of phonetic notation that is more precise than alphabetic notation is analphabetic phonetic notation. Instead of both the alphabetic and iconic notational types' general principle of using one symbol per sound, analphabetic notation uses long sequences of symbols to precisely describe the component features of an articulatory gesture (MacMahon 1996:842-844). This type of notation is reminiscent of the notation used in chemical formulas to denote the composition of chemical compounds. Although more descriptive than alphabetic notation, analphabetic notation is less practical for many purposes (e.g. for descriptive linguists doing fieldwork or for speech pathologists impressionistically transcribing speech disorders). As a result, this type of notation is uncommon.

Two examples of this type were developed by the Danish Otto Jespersen (1889) and American Kenneth Pike (1943). Pike's system, which is part of a larger goal of scientific description of phonetics, is particularly interesting in its challenge against the descriptional method of the phoneticians who created alphabetic systems like the IPA. An example of Pike's system can be demonstrated by the following. A syllabic voiced alveolar nasal consonant is notated as

MaIlDeCVoeIpvnnAPpaatdtltnransnsfSpvavdtlvtnransss fTpgagdtlwvtitvransnsfSrpFSs
In Pike's notation there are 5 main components (which are indicated using the example above):

M - manner of production ( i.e., MaIlDe )
C - manner of controlling ( i.e., CVoeIpvnn )
description of stricture ( i.e., APpaatdtltnransnsfSpvavdtlvtnransssfTpgagdtlwvtitv ransnsf )
S - segment type ( i.e., Srp )
F - phonetic function ( i.e., FSs )
The components of the notational hierarchy of this consonant are explained below:

[hairless17]

M = productive mechanism
a = air-stream mechanism
I = initiator
l = for lung air
D = direction of the air stream
e = egressive
C = controlling mechanism
V = valvate stricture
o = oral stricture
e = subvalvate esophageal stricture
I = degree of air-stream interruption
p = partial (continuants)
v = nonfrictional
n = nasal
n = resonant nasal (Rank of stricture)
A = acme
P = primary
(Features of stricture)
p = point of articulation
a = alveolar
a = articulator
t = tongue tip
d = degree of articulation
t = in time
l = long
t = type of articulation
n = normal
r = relative strength
a = of articulating movement
n = normal
s = of acoustic impression
n = normal
s = shape of articulator
f = flat
(Rank of stricture)
S = secondary
(Features of stricture)
p = point of articulation
v = velic
a = articulator
v = velic
d = degree of articulation
t = in time
l = long
v = with cavity friction
t = type of articulation
n = normal
r = relative strength
a = of articulating movement
n = normal
s = of acoustic impression
s = soft
s = shape of articulator
f = flat
(Rank of stricture)
T = tertiary
(Features of stricture)
p = point of articulation
g = glottal
a = articulator
g = vocal folds
d = degree of articulation
t = in time
l = long
w = wide
v = with cavity friction
t = type of articulation
i = iterative
t = trill
v = vibratory trill
r = relative strength
a = of articulating movement
n = normal
s = of acoustic impression
n = normal
s = shape of articulator
f = flat

[smart]

thank you so much
iam better....but i have to practise
my real problem is with the diphthongs and...........
thanks for the great efforts

[hairless17]

http://www2.0zz0.com/2008/06/08/17/832548014.png (http://www.0zz0.com)

[أم بدر الدين]

good hairless..go ahead..

[hairless17]

thanks ahlem

[smart]

thats what i want
thanks a million

[hairless17]

you can ask what you want smarty
we are here to help you

[housam_all]

منقول من ويكيبيديا
شكراااااااااااا

[hairless17]

welcome houssam ali
of course it is from wikipedia
our aim here is to search and give you the best
waiting for your addition

[am_el]

thanks hairless17

[smart]

thank you so much
i know that you are here to help us
i will ask if i need some thing

[TAG]

بارك الله فيك أخي الكريم

[osa-mail]

http://www.filesgate.com/up81/w11/2007/11/05/_64458145.gif
http://www.alamuae.com/gallery/data/media/123/0148.gif



اخواني و اخواتي اعضاء و زوار المنتدى الكرام
سلام الله عليكم
ما من شك ان تعلم الغات صار ضرورة عصرية تمليها المتغيرات الثقافية و الانفتاح على الاخر ... و الاحرى بكل طالب او مثقف ان يكون ملما بقدر المستطاع بلغات العالم خاصة الانجليزية و الفرنسية اذ انها اضحت ضرورة اكثر منها ترفا .
اما الحديث عن تعلم اللغات في فترة العطلة الصيفية فانه سيكون مبتغى جادا و مشروعا رابحا و رحم الله امروءا عرف قيمة وقته و استغله فيما ينفعه

من هذا المنطلق و حسب تجربتي الشخصية طالعت بعض المنتديات و المواقع المهتمة بشؤون تعليم الغات و وجدتها تحوي كما هائلا من البرامج و الشروحات و الدروس و الكتب الالكترونية و هي تعد بالمئات ان لم نقل الالاف ... الا ان الشخص البسيط او المتخصص تنتابه حيرة في كيفية البداية ايمانا بان للوقت سلطانه و حتى لا يضيع سدى سواء في التحميل و مطالعة المواقع او حين بداية الدراسة فالطريقة او المنهجية التي نتبعها في تعلم لغة ما هي - اقصد اللغة الانجليزية هنا- هي التي تحدد مدى الاستفادة و الا فسيضيع الوقت سدى و الجهد هباءا .
و لهذا كان عنوان عنوان الموضوع " حوصلة برامج و كتب و طرق تعلم اللغة الانجليزية " فالموضوع تقييمي يهدف الى الوصول الى اجدى الطرق و افضل البرامج و احسن الكتب
الموضوع تفاعلي و يعتمد على المشاركات الفعالة من طرفكم و من المجربين و المتمرسين في هذه المواضيع خاصة
او سيكون نتائج الموضوع ان شاء الله نقطة البداية فسناخذ باراء الجميح و خاصة اساتذة اللغة الانجليزية حول اهم الطرق فنختار و احدة و سيكون النقاش حول ما يلي:
1- ما هي افضل طرق تعلم اللغة الانجليزية : new interchange or new hidway bbc او غيرها
2- ما هي افضل البرامج
3 ما هي افضل المواقع التعليمية

اي ان كل من لديه اجابة عن احد الاسئلة ان يكتب ردامثلا رحول الطريقة التي استعملها لتعلم اللغة الانجليزية او اهم موقع ساعده على التعلم او على البرنامج الذي رفع مستواه في الغة
و هناك ملاحظة نرجو من الاخوة تقديم طريقة واحدة او موقع واحد حتى لا نغرق مجددا اي اننا نبحث عن الخلاصة
فيكون الرد مثلا
افضل طريقة هي : ............... لان .......................و سنحاول في الاخير ان نختار الفضل حسب راي الاغلبية

ارجو من الاخوة ان يبادروا بابدا ء ارائهم و ان يثروا الموضوع لكي نحقق المطلوب و ننطلق في تعلم اللغة الانجليزية ان شاء الله
و الله من وراء القصد و هو يهدي السبيل

[hairless17]

شكرا جزيلا أوسا مايل طرحك للموضوع جيد جدا
ونحن في انتظار مشاركات الاعضاء لنعقب عليها ونمدكم بأحسن السبل لتعلم اللغة
لأن هذا هو الهدف المنشود من المنتدى

[شراك]

شكرا لك hairless 17 الله يرحم والديك دمت مربيا وسياسيا

[hairless17]

شكرا شراك بوركت

[matrix_hamdi]

Peace and blessings of Allah be upon you
Dear friends,
I have noticed some thing which is in fact very important; Members here are just trying to copy topics from different websites (without any respect to the copyrights), and this forum is full of external links, and if I ask a question, and you give me the answer in another external link, in this case it's better to checkout the answer in Google.
Because in fact we have a lot of teachers and advanced learners in this forum, in my opinion they are expected to enrich this forum with topics and subjects which may interest new users or new learners of a specific ********.
And, this is the case in All Arabic forums; full of external links, no serious topics, just sending greetings, or criticizing. (It’s just my personal point of view):1:
I think the best way to keep this forum among the best Arabic forums; the moderators must ensure that:
- Nobody is allowed to post an external link.
- Users or learners even teachers should respect the copyrights.
- And if any one is interested by any subject, it's better to post his or her own work.
:19:Best wishes and regards

[tazougart]

عندي الكثير الكثير لأفيد به هذا القسم من المنتدى لكنني لا أعرف كيفية إضافة موضوع جديد سسسسسسسسسسساااااااعدوووووووووني من فظلك
ساعدوني

[كادر7]

مشكووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووو ووووور

[161427810492]

sdfy78uj (http://sdfy78uj.blogr.com/)sdruyu (http://sdruyu.blogr.com/)sdf6sdfg (http://sdf6sdfg.blogr.com/)aseetgd (http://aseetgd.blogr.com/)fdior93 (http://fdior93.blogr.com/)

[باربي الأصيلة]

شكرا على المعلومات القيمة

[mdouaneart]

شكرا لك hairless 17 الله يرحم والديك على هذه المبادرة الطيبة
وإن شاء الله أنا أتابع معكم للتعلم وخاصة وأن الوقت مناسب ( في الصيف )
وربي يجازيكم خير الجزاء
بصح لازم المواصلة راني أضفت الصفحة لمفضلاتي
ولدي إقتراح وهو أن نركز على الإستفسارات المتعلقة بالصعوبات التي نواجهها في قواعد اللغة ليرد عليها من لهم خبرة حتى نربح الوقت والجهد
وبارك الله في الجميييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييع

[bich64]

would you please help me in knowing the causes of :اسباب تدنى تعلم اللغة الانجليزية فى المرحلة المتوسطة و هدا لانى بصدد القيام ببحث فى هدا المجال.ارجوا ان لا تبخلو ا بارئكم وبنصائحكم

[Samira_31]

great topic continued and don't ever fail

[bich64]

how????if you don't even give an idea about what's happening in our classes an to our pupils.looking forward to hearing from you sooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oon.