cristio
2009-09-25, 11:31
:mh92:السلام عليكم و رحمة الله تعالى و بركاته
للطلاب الجدد في مادة الفلسفة حبذت ان اضع بين ايديكم قبل دراسة هذه المادة معناها , المقال منقول من الموسوعة الحرة 'ويكيبيديا '
الفلسفة كلمة مشتقة من اللفظ اليوناني فيلوصوفيا (φιλοσοφία (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 3%45%25%41%36%25%43%45%25%42%39%25%43%45%25%42%42% 25%43%45%25%42%46%25%43%46%25%38%33%25%43%45%25%42 %46%25%43%46%25%38%36%25%43%45%25%41%46%25%43%45%2 5%42%31%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64% 69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31))، بمعنى محبة الحكمة أو طلب المعرفة. وعلى الرغم من هذا المعنى الأصلي، فإنه يبقى من الصعب جدا تحديد مدلول الفلسفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%33%25% 44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39) بدقة. لكنها، بشكل عام، تشير إلى نشاط إنساني (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%34%25%44%38%25%41%37% 25%44%38%25%42%37%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25 %38%36%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) قديم جدا يتعلق بممارسة نظرية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) و/أو عملية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) عرفت بشكل أو آخر في مختلف المجتمعات والثقافات البشرية منذ أعرق العصور.
وحتى السؤال عن ماهية الفلسفة "ما الفلسفة؟" يعد سؤالاً فلسفيّاً قابلاً لنقاش طويل، وهذا يشكِّل أحد المظاهر الأساسية للفلسفة في ميلها للتساؤل والتدقيق في كل شيء والبحث عن ماهيته (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%37% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b %61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%7 2%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) ومختلف مظاهره وأهم قوانينه. لكل هذا فإن المادة الأساسية للفلسفة مادة واسعة و متشعبة ترتبط بكل أصناف العلوم (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35) و ربما بكل جوانب الحياة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%3 8%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%39) ، و مع ذلك تبقى الفلسفة متفردة عن بقية العلوم و التخصصات . توصف الفلسفة أحيانا بأنها " التفكير في التفكير " أي التفكير في طبيعة التفكير و التأمل و التدبر ، كما تعرف الفلسفة بأنها محاولة الإجابة عن الأسئلة الأساسية التي يطرحها الوجود (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%43%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%46) و الكون (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%33%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%36) .
شهدت الفلسفة تطورات عديدة مهمة ، فمن الإغريق الذين أسّسوا قواعد الفلسفة الأساسية كعلم يحاول بناء نظرة شموليّة للكون ضمن إطار النظرة الواقعية ، إلى الفلاسفة المسلمين (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%2 5%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) الذين تفاعلوا مع الإرث اليوناني دامجين إياه مع التجربة و محولين الفلسفة الواقعية إلى فلسفة إسمية ، إلى فلسفة العلم و التجربة في عصر النهضة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%37%25%44%38%25%42 %36%25%44%38%25%41%39) ثم الفلسفات الوجودية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%43%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%46%D9%8A%D8%A9) و الإنسانية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%36%25% 44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) و مذاهب الحداثة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 8%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%42%25%44%38%25%41%39) و ما بعد الحداثة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%37%5f%25%4 4%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%41%46% 5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25 %41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 8%25%41%42%25%44%38%25%41%39) و العدمية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) .
الفلسفة الحديثة حسب التقليد التحليلي في أمريكا الشمالية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%33%25% 44%38%25%41%37%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%38%25%42%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%2 5%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44% 38%25%41%39) و المملكة المتحدة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%34%25% 44%39%25%38%33%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41 %37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%2 5%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44% 38%25%41%39) ، تنحو إلى أن تكون تقنية بحتة تركز على المنطق والتحليل المفهومي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41% 25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38 %41%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%31%25% 44%39%25%38%37%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%38%35 %25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6 e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e% 6b%3d%31). وبالتالي فإن مواضيع اهتماماتها تشمل نظرية المعرفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39_%D8 %A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9)، والأخلاق (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%45%25%44%39%25%38%34%25% 44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%32)، طبيعة اللغة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%41%25%44%38%25%41%39)، طبيعة العقل (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34). هناك ثقافات و اتجاهات أخرى ترى الفلسفة بأنها دراسة الفن (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%36) و العلوم (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%35) ، فتكون نظرية عامة و دليل حياة شامل . و بهذا الفهم ، تصبح الفلسفة مهتمة بتحديد طريقة الحياة المثالية و ليست محاولة لفهم الحياة . في حين يعتبر المنحى التحليلي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%2 5%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) الفلسفة شيئاً عملياً تجب ممارسته ، تعتبرها اتجاهات أخرى أساس المعرفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%42%31%25% 44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39) الذي يجب اتقانه و فهمه جيداً .
تاريخ الفلسفة :
يعمد الغربيٌون عادة إلى تقسيم التاريخ الفلسفي بين شرقي و غربي ، الفلسفة الشرقية هي الفلسفة التي أنتجتها دول الشرق الأقصى بالأخص الهند (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%37%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%41%46) و الصين (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36) و اليابان (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25% 44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%36) و هي فلسفات ذات طبيعة دينية روحانية أكثر منها عقلانية ، في حين يقسمون تاريخ الفلسفة الغربية إلى فلسفة قديمة و إغريقية ، ثم فلسفة العصور الوسطى ثم الفلسفة الحديثة .
إنتاجات الفلاسفة المسلمين تعتبر غالباً من وجهة النظر الغربية ناقلة للفلسفة الإغريقية و غير ذات إنتاج فعلي ، و قد استمرت هذه النظرة نتيجة ضعف الدراسات الأصيلة للكتابات الفلسفية العربية الإسلامية إلى أن شهد العالم العربي مؤخراً نهضة فلسفية مهمتها إعادة بناء النهضة على أساس التراث العربي و محاولة نقده ، أبرز هذه المحاولات بالنسبة للمغرب العربي: نقد العقل العربي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%38%25%41%46% 5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25 %42%39%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%39%25%38 %41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%7 4%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)لمحمد عابد الجابري (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%46%5f%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%41 %46%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%43%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25% 44%38%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41) و إصلاح العقل في الفلسفة الإسلامية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%44%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%3 9%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%39%25%38%31% 25%44%39%25%38%41%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%34%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41 %35%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%2 5%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44% 38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65 %64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%3 1)أبو يعرب المرزوقي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%5f%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41) لـ أبو يعرب المرزوقي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%5f%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41) ، وأبرزها بالنسبة للمشرق العربي: مشروع التراث والتجديد لـ حسن حنفي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%36% 25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%41)(مقدمة في علم الاستغراب (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%38%25%41%46% 25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%39%25 %38%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%5f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%4 4%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25 %42%33%25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%42%41%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%26% 61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61 %6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-التراث والتجديد (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41 %42%5f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%43%25% 44%38%25%41%46%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46 %26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%2 6%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-من العقيدة إلى الثورة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 8%25%41%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%34%25%44%38%25%41%42%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-من النقل إلى الإبداع (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%4 4%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25 %41%38%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65% 64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31 )-من النص إلى الواقع (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25 %42%35%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%4 4%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38% 34%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%38%25%42%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%6 9%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c% 69%6e%6b%3d%31)-الدين والثورة في مصر (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%46% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%39%25 %38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%42%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%42%31%25% 44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38 %41%5f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65% 64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31 )-..وغيرها من مؤلفاته)، والمشروع الهرمنيوطيقي ل نصر حامد أبو زيد (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%5f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%37% 25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%46%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%39%25%38%38%5f%25%4 4%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46) ، و الثابت والمتحوّل (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%42% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%41 %41%5f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%41%25% 44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%39%31 %25%44%39%25%38%34%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6 e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e% 6b%3d%31) ل أدونيس (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%25% 44%38%25%42%33)، ومحاولات الطيب تزيني (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%37% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%41%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) و حسين مروة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%3 9%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%39%25%38%35% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41 %39) وغيرهم.
للطلاب الجدد في مادة الفلسفة حبذت ان اضع بين ايديكم قبل دراسة هذه المادة معناها , المقال منقول من الموسوعة الحرة 'ويكيبيديا '
الفلسفة كلمة مشتقة من اللفظ اليوناني فيلوصوفيا (φιλοσοφία (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 3%45%25%41%36%25%43%45%25%42%39%25%43%45%25%42%42% 25%43%45%25%42%46%25%43%46%25%38%33%25%43%45%25%42 %46%25%43%46%25%38%36%25%43%45%25%41%46%25%43%45%2 5%42%31%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64% 69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31))، بمعنى محبة الحكمة أو طلب المعرفة. وعلى الرغم من هذا المعنى الأصلي، فإنه يبقى من الصعب جدا تحديد مدلول الفلسفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%33%25% 44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39) بدقة. لكنها، بشكل عام، تشير إلى نشاط إنساني (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%34%25%44%38%25%41%37% 25%44%38%25%42%37%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25 %38%36%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) قديم جدا يتعلق بممارسة نظرية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) و/أو عملية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) عرفت بشكل أو آخر في مختلف المجتمعات والثقافات البشرية منذ أعرق العصور.
وحتى السؤال عن ماهية الفلسفة "ما الفلسفة؟" يعد سؤالاً فلسفيّاً قابلاً لنقاش طويل، وهذا يشكِّل أحد المظاهر الأساسية للفلسفة في ميلها للتساؤل والتدقيق في كل شيء والبحث عن ماهيته (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%37% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b %61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%7 2%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) ومختلف مظاهره وأهم قوانينه. لكل هذا فإن المادة الأساسية للفلسفة مادة واسعة و متشعبة ترتبط بكل أصناف العلوم (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35) و ربما بكل جوانب الحياة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%3 8%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%39) ، و مع ذلك تبقى الفلسفة متفردة عن بقية العلوم و التخصصات . توصف الفلسفة أحيانا بأنها " التفكير في التفكير " أي التفكير في طبيعة التفكير و التأمل و التدبر ، كما تعرف الفلسفة بأنها محاولة الإجابة عن الأسئلة الأساسية التي يطرحها الوجود (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%43%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%46) و الكون (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%33%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%36) .
شهدت الفلسفة تطورات عديدة مهمة ، فمن الإغريق الذين أسّسوا قواعد الفلسفة الأساسية كعلم يحاول بناء نظرة شموليّة للكون ضمن إطار النظرة الواقعية ، إلى الفلاسفة المسلمين (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%2 5%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) الذين تفاعلوا مع الإرث اليوناني دامجين إياه مع التجربة و محولين الفلسفة الواقعية إلى فلسفة إسمية ، إلى فلسفة العلم و التجربة في عصر النهضة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%37%25%44%38%25%42 %36%25%44%38%25%41%39) ثم الفلسفات الوجودية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%43%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%46%D9%8A%D8%A9) و الإنسانية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%36%25% 44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) و مذاهب الحداثة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 8%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%42%25%44%38%25%41%39) و ما بعد الحداثة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%37%5f%25%4 4%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%41%46% 5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25 %41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 8%25%41%42%25%44%38%25%41%39) و العدمية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) .
الفلسفة الحديثة حسب التقليد التحليلي في أمريكا الشمالية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%33%25% 44%38%25%41%37%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%38%25%42%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%2 5%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44% 38%25%41%39) و المملكة المتحدة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%34%25% 44%39%25%38%33%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41 %37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%2 5%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44% 38%25%41%39) ، تنحو إلى أن تكون تقنية بحتة تركز على المنطق والتحليل المفهومي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41% 25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38 %41%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%31%25% 44%39%25%38%37%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%38%35 %25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6 e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e% 6b%3d%31). وبالتالي فإن مواضيع اهتماماتها تشمل نظرية المعرفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39_%D8 %A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9)، والأخلاق (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%45%25%44%39%25%38%34%25% 44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%32)، طبيعة اللغة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%41%25%44%38%25%41%39)، طبيعة العقل (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34). هناك ثقافات و اتجاهات أخرى ترى الفلسفة بأنها دراسة الفن (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%36) و العلوم (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%35) ، فتكون نظرية عامة و دليل حياة شامل . و بهذا الفهم ، تصبح الفلسفة مهتمة بتحديد طريقة الحياة المثالية و ليست محاولة لفهم الحياة . في حين يعتبر المنحى التحليلي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38 %34%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%2 5%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%39) الفلسفة شيئاً عملياً تجب ممارسته ، تعتبرها اتجاهات أخرى أساس المعرفة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%38%25%42%31%25% 44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39) الذي يجب اتقانه و فهمه جيداً .
تاريخ الفلسفة :
يعمد الغربيٌون عادة إلى تقسيم التاريخ الفلسفي بين شرقي و غربي ، الفلسفة الشرقية هي الفلسفة التي أنتجتها دول الشرق الأقصى بالأخص الهند (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%37%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%41%46) و الصين (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36) و اليابان (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 9%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25% 44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%36) و هي فلسفات ذات طبيعة دينية روحانية أكثر منها عقلانية ، في حين يقسمون تاريخ الفلسفة الغربية إلى فلسفة قديمة و إغريقية ، ثم فلسفة العصور الوسطى ثم الفلسفة الحديثة .
إنتاجات الفلاسفة المسلمين تعتبر غالباً من وجهة النظر الغربية ناقلة للفلسفة الإغريقية و غير ذات إنتاج فعلي ، و قد استمرت هذه النظرة نتيجة ضعف الدراسات الأصيلة للكتابات الفلسفية العربية الإسلامية إلى أن شهد العالم العربي مؤخراً نهضة فلسفية مهمتها إعادة بناء النهضة على أساس التراث العربي و محاولة نقده ، أبرز هذه المحاولات بالنسبة للمغرب العربي: نقد العقل العربي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%38%25%41%46% 5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25 %42%39%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%39%25%38 %41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%7 4%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)لمحمد عابد الجابري (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%3 9%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%46%5f%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%41 %46%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%43%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25% 44%38%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%41) و إصلاح العقل في الفلسفة الإسلامية (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%44%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%3 9%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%39%25%38%31% 25%44%39%25%38%41%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%34%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41 %35%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%2 5%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44% 38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65 %64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%3 1)أبو يعرب المرزوقي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%5f%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41) لـ أبو يعرب المرزوقي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%5f%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%42%39% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%38%25% 44%39%25%38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41) ، وأبرزها بالنسبة للمشرق العربي: مشروع التراث والتجديد لـ حسن حنفي (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%36% 25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38%41)(مقدمة في علم الاستغراب (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%32%25%44%38%25%41%46% 25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%39%25 %38%31%25%44%39%25%38%41%5f%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%4 4%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25 %42%33%25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%42%41%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%26% 61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61 %6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-التراث والتجديد (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41 %42%5f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%41%25%44%38%25%41%43%25% 44%38%25%41%46%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46 %26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%2 6%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-من العقيدة إلى الثورة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%39%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 8%25%41%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%34% 25%44%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%34%25%44%38%25%41%42%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%25%44%38%25%41%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31)-من النقل إلى الإبداع (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%39%25%38%34%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%4 4%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%38%25 %41%38%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 8%25%42%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65% 64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31 )-من النص إلى الواقع (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%39%25%38%35%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%38%25%41% 37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25 %42%35%5f%25%44%38%25%41%35%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%4 4%39%25%38%39%5f%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38% 34%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25 %38%32%25%44%38%25%42%39%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%6 9%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c% 69%6e%6b%3d%31)-الدين والثورة في مصر (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%46% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%39%25 %38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%3 8%25%41%42%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%42%31%25% 44%38%25%41%39%5f%25%44%39%25%38%31%25%44%39%25%38 %41%5f%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6e%3d%65% 64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31 )-..وغيرها من مؤلفاته)، والمشروع الهرمنيوطيقي ل نصر حامد أبو زيد (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%38%25%42%35%25%44%3 8%25%42%31%5f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%41%37% 25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%46%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%33%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%39%25%38%38%5f%25%4 4%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%46) ، و الثابت والمتحوّل (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%41%42% 25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%38%25%41%38%25%44%38%25%41 %41%5f%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41%37%25%44%3 9%25%38%34%25%44%39%25%38%35%25%44%38%25%41%41%25% 44%38%25%41%44%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%39%31 %25%44%39%25%38%34%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63%74%69%6f%6 e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64%6c%69%6e% 6b%3d%31) ل أدونيس (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%33%25%44%38%25%41%46%25%44%3 9%25%38%38%25%44%39%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%25% 44%38%25%42%33)، ومحاولات الطيب تزيني (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%2f%69 %6e%64%65%78%2e%70%68%70%3f%74%69%74%6c%65%3d%25%4 4%38%25%41%37%25%44%39%25%38%34%25%44%38%25%42%37% 25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%38%25%41%38%5f%25%44%38%25 %41%41%25%44%38%25%42%32%25%44%39%25%38%41%25%44%3 9%25%38%36%25%44%39%25%38%41%26%61%6d%70%3b%61%63% 74%69%6f%6e%3d%65%64%69%74%26%61%6d%70%3b%72%65%64 %6c%69%6e%6b%3d%31) و حسين مروة (http://4bac.educdz.com/redirector.php?url=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%61%72%2e% 77%69%6b%69%70%65%64%69%61%2e%6f%72%67%2f%77%69%6b %69%2f%25%44%38%25%41%44%25%44%38%25%42%33%25%44%3 9%25%38%41%25%44%39%25%38%36%5f%25%44%39%25%38%35% 25%44%38%25%42%31%25%44%39%25%38%38%25%44%38%25%41 %39) وغيرهم.