lessons of grammar 2nd year LMD

[toulay]

peace be upon you

the first lesson is contrast tenses

present simple/present continuous

PRESENT SIMPLE
we use the present simple in descriptions
eg:Maria has blue eyes

to describe regular/habitual actions
eg:we always come to university in the morning

in general statements about what is always true
eg:hens lay eggs

we use it with frequency adverbs:often,sometimes,regularly.....

present continous
describes an action that is happening now,at the moment,at present

actions that are in progress at the moment of speaking

also used with future meaning to talk about future actions which are already planned or arranged

EG:I'm going to constantine tomorrow
EG:they are arriving in the next flight
EG:she is going to play tennis after lunch

pas simple/past continuous
the past simple describes an action that happened and completed in the past,it has no relation with the present

we use it with:yesterday,last,ago .....

the past continuous
we are interested in the action which was in progress
eg:I was doing my homework while my friend was reading a book

present perfect
simple/present perfect continuous
we use the present perfect to describe an action that began in the past and continues till now or which has just been completed

it's used with :just,lately,recently
since+point of time (date in the past
for+point of time (for a week or for 2 days

this tense is the commonest in the english ******** and it is the mostly used

the present perfect continuos speaks about an action beginning in the past and still continuing at the present moment.this frequently happens with verbs of static nature
such as:stay,wait,sit,stand,lie,study,learn,live,teach

eg:I have been teaching english since 1979

we sometimes use the present perfect continuous merely to emphasize the fact that an action has been uninterrupted,even though it is not continuing now

eg:I'm exhausted,I have been running round the town all day

remark:with the verbs to live and to work we can use either the present perfect simple or continuous


I will carry on the rest of the lessons as soon as possible

best of luck

[Asolvip]

Thank a lot for this good lesson

[toulay]

Thank a lot for this good lesson
you are welcome

[toulay]

the second lesson is prepositional and phrasal verbs

definition:the preposition is a word which governs a noun or its *****alent
prepositions are used after verbs that are called prepositional verbs
eg:he walked into the room
eg:he is paid by the hour

prepositions usually come before the word they control,they indicate various relationships between words or phrases,the most usual are those of time,position,direction,emotional attitudes

verbs having idiomatic meaning
keep on=come on,carry on,go on
to blow up=to explode
to take off=to imitate
to bring about=to cause
to put out=to extinguish

some prepositional and phrasal verbs with their meaning

to break down=when sth does not work
eg:the washing machine will break down if you over use it

to break through=to appear
eg:the rain stopped and the sun broke through

to break off=to stop suddenly doing sth
eg:we broke off of a power cut

to break out:to start suddenly
eg:a fire broke out at night and nobody woke up

to call back:to phone or to come and see somebody again
eg:call me back in an hour

to call out:to be summoned(convoked)torestore order or to say sth
about
eg:the police was called out because of the street riots

to carry on:to continue
eg:you should carry on practising sport

to carry out:to do/complete sth important
eg:she carried out her studies

to close up:to shut temporary
eg:the shop closed up at luch time

to come out:to appear/to publish
eg:the sun has just come out
eg:my new book will come out soon

this lesson is kinda long ,so I will continue later
good luck

[toulay]

to fall out(familiar expression):to have a disagreement
eg:we fell out but we are friends again

to get on:to go on sth
eg:I get on the bus

to get on with :to do,to continue work
eg:get on with your work
eg:this worker got on with his boss (to have good relationship

to get out:to leave
to go off:to expire,no more valid
eg:this cheese has gone off,you can't eat it

to go out of(fashion):to cease being in fashion
eg:this shirt has gone out of fashion,I won't wear it

to hand out:to distrubite,to deliver
eg:the questionnaire must be handed out before the end of the day

to look sth over:to examine it
eg:before using a machine,you should look it over

to run up:to raise
eg:heavy buying ran the price of oil up

to shut up:to stop talking

to turn out/off:to extinguish
eg:you must turn out/off all the machines at night

to work out:to find the result of sth by calculation


to agree on sth/with someone
to aim at
to believe in a person or sth
to blame a person for a fault
to borrow from or of
to bow to (her majesty
to burst into (tears
to call on(to visit
to call to(to shout
to care for or about a person or sth
to change into(evening dress
to come across someone or sth (to find/ to meet accidentally
to compare with (for similar things)to compare to (for dissimilar things
to complain to or about someone or sth
to confide a secret to a person
to correspond with a person
to correspond to a pattern
to count on=to rely on
to count for nothing=is for no value
to cure of disease
to deal with(to trade with somebody)/to discuss a subject
to depend on a person or thing
to be independent of
to escape from
to divide in /into
to fail in
to faint with hunger/fatigue
to fall on the enemy(to attack
to fall into mistake
to feed on milk/vegetables/meat
to flee from
to gaze at or on=to stare at
to inquire about /after a person
to laught at
to throw at
to point at
to make away with:to steal
to make up to a person :to flatter
to mourn for the loss of a person
to abject to a person or a thing
to operate on a person
to pass away:to die
to pass out:to faint,to lose consciousneess
to pass over:to disregard
to persist in
to play a trick on someone:to joke with
to praise for:to reward
to recover from illness
to remind of sth
to restrict to :to limit
to result from(a cause
to result in(a consequence
to rid of (to get rid of
to seperate from
to save from a harm
to shoot at target
to stand against an enemy
to stand by=help a friend
to struggle for the right/against the wrong
to succeed in doing hard task(success
to succeed in inheritance(succession
to supply with things
to take to a bad habit=to become addicted to
to take to a person:to like her /him
to take up one's time:to fill
to take up music:to begin to study music
to talk over a subject:to discuss
to warn a person of a danger/against a fault
to weep for a misfortune
to withdraw from
to wonder at strange thing

good luck

[toulay]

lesson3:multiple adjectives

definition:an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun

kinds of adj
adjectives of quality:which show what kind
eg:a brave boy

adjectives of quantity :which tell how much or how many
definite adj:three ,five
indefinite adj :all,some,half,several

distributive adj:which show that tthe persons or things denoted by the noun are taken singly or separately
eg:each,evey,either,neither
each is used for 1 of 2
eg :each one of the two students gained a prize
every:is used for any number exceeding 2
distributive adj are always singular
eg:every student has done his work seriously

interrogative adj:which are used in questions
eg:which man did you talk to?/what time is it?

demonstrative adj:which point out
this ......these
that........those

attributive adj:used before a noun
eg:the new student

predicative adj:used in the predicate
eg:Maria is nice

there are factual and opinion adjectives

fact adjectives:give us factual information such as:age,size,color,shape,material origin(nationality),condition

opinion adjectives :express an opinion
eg:nice,beautiful,ugly

MULTIPLE ADJECTIVES :we sometimes use 2 or more adjectives in the same sentence
eg:my friend lives in a nice new house
eg:this is a nice large round wooden table

opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES:when we use 2 or more fact adjectives ,we usually follow this order

size:short,small,big,tall,.....etc

shape:square,round,circular,......etc

condition(sunny,rainy,cloudy,snowy

age:new,ancient

color:green,blue,gree.....etc

origin=nationality:where from

material(what is made of? silk,wood,glass.....etc

eg:a new white cotton shirt

adjectives of size and length (long,tall,short,small)usually go before adjectives of shape and width(round,fat,thin,slim,narrow,wide .....etc

eg;a large square room

eg:a long narrow street

remark:when there are 2 or more adjectives in the same sentence ,we use and
for instance if we have 2 colors
eg:a black and white film

eg;a red,white and green flag

good luck

[Asolvip]

Are these all the lessons of grammar ?! Well I hope u could give us all the lessons of all the modules in the same way :)

[toulay]

Are these all the lessons of grammar ?! Well I hope u could give us all the lessons of all the modules in the same way :)
we still have 4 lessons
I will carry on as soon as possible

[زينب الهلالي]

Great efforts
Go ahead ....
May Allah bless you .
* You can put titles of the lessons as a programme.
Thanks

[toulay]

Great efforts
Go ahead ....
May Allah bless you .
* You can put titles of the lessons as a programme.
Thanks
thank you so much

[toulay]

THE PASSIVE

we use the passive when we are interested in the action itself,not in who or what makes it happen (the doer


the present simple
to be(am,is,are)+past participle
eg:english is spoken all over the world

the present continuous
to be(am,is,are)+being+past participle
eg:a new mosque is being built near our house

the past simple
to be(was,were)+past participle
eg:the window was broken

the past continuous
to be(was,were)+being+past participle
eg:the exam were being corrected all the week

the present perfect
to have(have,has)+been+past participle
eg:exams have already been given back to students

the past perfect
had+been+past participle
eg:dinner had been served before the guests arrived

the future
shall/will+be+past participle
eg:he will be offered a card on his birthday

the infinitive
to be+past participle
eg:I want you to take the corrections completely
I want the correction to be taken completely

used to is a modal
ghosts used to be believed in
examples (modals
cigarettes ought to be banned from public places
a delicious cake could be prepared by some ingredients
if you asked for help,you would be given

the future perfect
shall/will+have+past participle
eg:you will have perfected your english by the time you come back from the US

people say=it is said
or
is/are said +infinitive

we use this form of the passive when we don't want to involve anyone in this action
eg:people say figs are better for us than bananas
passive1:it is said that figs are better for us than bananas
passive2:figs are said to be better for us than bananas (is the best form

eg:people say that there is a big problem of security in Algeria
it is said that there is a big problem of security in Algeria
there is said to be a big problem of security in Algeria

NOTE:when the verb takes 2 objects the personal object(indirect object) is more often used as a subject of passive
eg:she gave me a book
passive1:a book was given to me
passive2:I was given a book(the most used