تعريفات تحتاجها بالانجلزية

[مياد نورالدين]

Corruptionالفساد
he word corrupt (Middle English, from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere, to destroy :com-, intensive pref. and rumpere, to break) when used as an adjective literally means "utterly broken".[1] In modern English usage the words corruption and corrupt have many meanings:
Monopolyالاحتكار
In economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos / μονος (alone or single) + polein / πωλειν (to sell)) exists when a specific individual or an enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it. (This is in contrast to amonopsony which relates to a single entity's control over a market to purchase a good or service
Briberyالرشوة
Bribery, a form of corruption, is an act implying money or gift given that alters the behavior of the recipient. Bribery constitutes a crime and is defined by Black's Law Dictionary as the offering, giving, receiving, orsoliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public orlegal duty. The bribe is the gift bestowed to influence the recipient's conduct. It may be any money, good,right in action, property, preferment, privilege, emolument, object of value, advantage, or merely a promise or undertaking to induce or influence the action, vote, or influence of a person in an official or public capacity.
Blackmailالابتزاز
Blackmail is the act of threatening to reveal substantially true information about a person to the public, a family member, or associates unless a demand is met. This information is usually of an embarrassing, socially damaging, and/or incriminating nature. As the information is substantially true, the act of revealing the information may not be criminal in its own right nor amount to a civil law defamation; it is the making of demands in exchange for withholding the information that is often considered a crime. English Law creates a much broader definition of blackmail, covering any unwarranted demands with menaces, whether involving revealing information or not. However, from alibertarian perspective, blackmail is not always considered a crime [1][2]. Some libertarians point out that it is licit to gossip about someone else's secret, to threaten to publicly reveal such information, and to ask that person for money, but it is illegal to combine the threat with the request for money, which raises the question, "Why do two rights make a wrong?"[3]
Money launderingتبييض الأموال
In United States law, money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of illegally gained money. In the United Kingdom the common law definition is wider: "taking any action with property of any form which is either wholly or in part the proceeds of a crime that will disguise the fact that the property is the proceeds of a crime or obscure the beneficial ownership of said property." It is common to refer to money legally obtained as "clean", and money illegally obtained as "dirty".
Fraudالغش
In the broadest sense, a fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual; the related adjective is fraudulent.
The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime, and also a civil law violation. Defrauding people or entities of money or valuables is a common purpose of fraud, but there have also been fraudulent "discoveries", e.g. in science, to gain prestige rather than immediate monetary gain.