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| المواد العلمية و التقنية كل ما يخص المواد العلمية و التقنية : الرياضيات - العلوم الطبيعة والحياة - العلوم الفيزيائية - الهندسة المدنية - هندسة الطرائق - الهندسة الميكانيكية - الهندسة الكهربائية - التسيير المحاسبي و المالي - تسيير و اقتصاد |
في حال وجود أي مواضيع أو ردود
مُخالفة من قبل الأعضاء، يُرجى الإبلاغ عنها فورًا باستخدام أيقونة
( تقرير عن مشاركة سيئة )، و الموجودة أسفل كل مشاركة .
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أدوات الموضوع | انواع عرض الموضوع |
2014-11-21, 13:17
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رقم المشاركة : 3 | |||
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013)[3] was a South African politician and activist. On April 27, 1994, he was made the first President of South Africa elected in a fully represented democratic election. Mandela was also the first black President of his country. |
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2014-11-21, 13:21
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رقم المشاركة : 4 | |||
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هاك خويا هذا على نيلسون مونديلا صغير شويا مي إن شاء الله يعجبك |
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2014-11-21, 18:14
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Hàtà ànà khàSsèNni hàdà bàhthè
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2014-11-21, 18:17
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رقم المشاركة : 6 | |||
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Steve Jobs |
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2014-11-21, 18:21
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lato oscuro svp medli bahthe mofasale |
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2014-11-22, 12:25
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اقتباس:
بارك الله فيك ان شاء الله خيرك مايتنساش طول لعمر 
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2014-11-22, 12:27
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اقتباس:
الفايدة كل في صغرو
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2014-12-01, 19:26
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رقم المشاركة : 11 | |||
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The people’s democratic republic of algeria Ministry of national Education Project of : [IMG]file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01 \clip_image001.gif[/IMG] Preparationsectionofstudents 2.As.1: *- *- *- *- *- School year: 2014/2015 The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 95 times to 128 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2014, 103 individuals and 25 organizations. Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (in 1917, 1944 and 1963), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize two times (in 1954 and 1981), there are 22 individual organizations which have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Click on the links to get more information What is the Nobel Peace Prize: The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." The Nobel Peace Prize differs from the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine or physiology in that it may be presented not only to individuals, but also to organizations that are actively engaged in a process or effort that intends to promote world peace. The prize can be awarded for current efforts, rather than for having accomplished a goal or resolved an issue. Having been awarded since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize is considered a very astute recognition, but some past nominees and recipients have created controversy. Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939, but the nomination was retracted. Other nominees include Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Yasser Arafat. Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, as did Henry Kissinger and Mikhail Gorbachev. Due to the practice of awarding the Nobel Peace Prize based on a work in progress, it stands to reason that some recipients may seem like poor choices in hindsight; however, many recipients have been life-long promoters of peace and human rights, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and the Dalai Lama An individual or organization may be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by any qualifying individual, including former recipients, university professors, international leaders, and members of national assemblies. The list of nominees is kept private each year, and though a group or individual may later be referred to as a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, this title bears no official merit. Nominees and recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize between 1901 and 1951 are currently compiled into a database. There are those who publicly criticize the Nobel Peace Prize as being politically slanted to the left and failing to recognize true merit, but even with past controversy, the Nobel Peace Prize continues to be an astute recognition that few would decline to accept. List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (1970-2009): 2009 Barack Obama 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2007 Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. 2006 Muhammad Yunus 2005 Mohamed Elbaradei + International Atomic Energy Agency 2004 Wangari Maathai 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2002 Jimmy Carter 2001 United Nations, Kofi Annan 2000 Kim Dae-jung 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 1998 John Hume, David Trimble 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta 1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez 1986 Elie Wiesel 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1984 Desmond Tutu 1983 Lech Walesa 1982 Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1979 Mother Teresa 1978 Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin 1977 Amnesty International 1976 Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1974 Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato 1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho 1972 No Award 1971 Willy Brandt 1970 Norman Borlagu Yasser Arafat:- The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 – Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat As Qudwa al-Hussaeini was born on 24 August 1929 in Cairo, his father a textile merchant who was a Palestinian with some Egyptian ancestry, his mother from an old Palestinian family in Jerusalem. She died when Yasir, as he was called, was five years old, and he was sent to live with his maternal uncle in Jerusalem, the capital of the British Mandate of Palestine. He has revealed little about his childhood, but one of his earliest memories is of British soldiers breaking into his uncle's house after midnight, beating members of the family and smashing furniture. After four years in Jerusalem, his father brought him back to Cairo, where an older sister took care of him and his siblings. Arafat never mentions his father, who was not close to his children. Arafat did not attend his father's funeral in 1952. In Cairo, before he was seventeen Arafat was smuggling arms to Palestine to be used against the British and the Jews. At nineteen, during the war between the Jews and the Arab states, Arafat left his studies at the University of Faud I (later Cairo University) to fight against the Jews in the Gaza area. The defeat of the and the establishment of the state of Israel left him in such despair that he applied for a visa to study at the University of Texas. Recovering his spirits and retaining his dream of an independent Palestinian homeland, he returned to Faud University to major in engineering but spent most of his time as leader of the Palestinian students. He did manage to get his degree in 1956, worked briefly in Egypt, then resettled in Kuwait, first being employed in the department of public works, next successfully running his own contracting firm. He spent all his spare time in political activities, to which he contributed most of the profits. In 1958 he and his friends founded Al-Fatah, an underground network of secret cells, which in 1959 began to publish a magazine advocating armed struggle against Israel. At the end of 1964 Arafat left Kuwait to become a full-time revolutionary, organising Fatah raids into Israel from Jordan. It was also in 1964 that the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was established, under the sponsorship of the Arab League, bringing together a number of groups all working to free Palestine for the Palestinians. The Arab states favoured a more conciliatory policy than Fatah's, but after their defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Fatah emerged from the underground as the most powerful and best organised of the groups making up the PLO, took over that organisation in 1969 when Arafat became the chairman of the PLO executive committee. The PLO was no longer to be something of a puppet organisation of the Arab states, wanting to keep the Palestinians quiet, but an independent nationalist organisation, based in Jordan. Arafat developed the PLO into a state within the state of Jordan with its own military forces. King Hussein of Jordan, disturbed by its guerrilla attacks on Israel and other violent methods, eventually expelled the PLO from his country. Arafat sought to build a similar organisation in Lebanon, but this time was driven out by an Israeli military invasion. He kept the organization alive, however, by moving its headquarters to Tunis. He was a survivor himself, escaping death in an airplane crash, surviving any assassination attempts by Israeli intelligence agencies, and recovering from a serious stroke. His life was one of constant travel, moving from country to country to promote the Palestinian cause, always keeping his movements secret, as he did any details about his private life. Even his marriage to Suha Tawil, a Palestinian half his age, was kept secret for some fifteen months. She had already begun significant humanitarian activities at home, especially for disabled children, but the prominent part she took in the public events in Oslo was a surprise for many Arafat-watchers. Since then, their daughter, Zahwa, named after Arafat's mother, has been born. The period after the expulsion from Lebanon was a low time for Arafat and the PLO. Then the intifada (shaking) protest movement strengthened Arafat by directing world attention to the difficult plight of the Palestinians. In 1988 came a change of policy. In a speech at a special United Nations session held in Geneva, Switzerland, Arafat declared that the PLO renounced terrorism and supported "the right of all parties concerned in the Middle East conflict to live in peace and security, including the state of Palestine, Israel and other neighbours". The prospects for a peace agreement with Israel now brightened. After a setback when the PLO supported Iraq in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the peace process began in earnest, leading to the Oslo Accords of 1993. This agreement included provision for the Palestinian elections which took place in early 1996, and Arafat was elected President of the Palestine Authority. Like other Arab regimes in the area, however, Arafat's governing style tended to be more dictatorial than democratic. When the right-wing government of Benjamin Netanyahu came to power in Israel in 1996, the peace process slowed down considerably. Much depends upon the nature of the new Israeli government, which will result from the elections to be held in 1999. Selected Bibliography: General Corbin, Jane. The Norway Channel. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1994. By BBC reporter with good access to the negotiators. Freedman, Robert Owen, ed. Israel under Rabin. Boulder: Westview, 1995. Laqueur, Walter, and Barry Rubin, eds. The Israel-Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict. 5th rev. ed., PB, New York: Penguin, 1995. Makovsky, David. Making Peace with the P.L.O.: The Rabin Government’s Road to the Oslo Accord. Boulder: Westview, 1996. By a diplomatic correspondent with critical perspective. Includes many documents. Peleg, Ilan, ed. Middle East Peace Process: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Albany, NY: State University of N.Y. Press, 1998. Perry, Mark. A Fire in Zion. The Israeli-Palestinian Search for Peace. New York: Morrow, 1994. The background since 1988. By a well-informed journalist. Said, Edward W. Peace and Its Diss. Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Process. New York: Vintage PB, 1995. Eloquent critique of the Oslo Accords by a leading Palestinian-American intellectual. Savir, Uri. The Process: 1,100 Days That Changed the Middle East. New York: Random House 1998. Hopeful inside view by chief Israeli negotiator. Tessler, Mark. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1994. PB, scholarly and balanced. Quandt, William B. The Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1993. About Yasser Arafat Aburish, Said K. Arafat: From Defender to Dictator. New York & London: Bloomsbury Press, 1998, Critical interpretation of Arafat’s cultural background. Gowers, Andrew. Arafat. The Biography: London: Virgin Books, 1994. Revised and updated 1990 publication. Hart, Alan. Arafat: A Political Biography. rev. ed., London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1994. Sympathetic account largely dependent on many interviews with Arafat. Wallach, John & Janet. Arafat: In the Eyes of the Beholder. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1990. Since there is no biographical description of Yasser Arafat in Les Prix Nobel for 1994, this account was written by the editor of Nobel Lectures, Peace 1991-1995, published by World Scientific Publishing Co. From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1991-1995, Editor Irwin Abrams, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1999 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. The place of Arafat's birth is disputed. Besides Cairo, other sources mention Jerusalem and Gaza as his birthplace. Yasser Arafat died on Novembre 11, 2004 A list of potential candidates for Nobel Peace Prize from Algeria : Our contemporary history knows two Algerian personalities who focused their efforts to makepeace and to settle internal and external disputes. 1. Abd el Aziz Bouteflika: Born on the2nd of March 1937, in Oujda to afamily from Tlemcen. AbdelazizBouteflika joined the NationalLiberation Army (ALN) in 1956.After the independence in 1962,he became Minister for Youth andSport than Minister for ForeignAffairs until 1978. In April 1999,Bouteflika ran for the presidential elections and was electedofficially with 74% of the votes. His election seems aturning point in the civil war that started in January 1992. Mr.Abd el Aziz Bouteflika is anational hero before and after hiselection as Algeria’s president, becausehe could bring back the peace to our country. He forgave the next month ofhis election, on the occasion of Independence Day, 2300jailed terrorist and presented the National Harmony Lawwhich provide amnesty for AIS (Islamic Salvation Army)members. Moreover, he improved the relations with theother countries and he declared that the fate of WesternSahara is an Algerian and an international matter. In addition, he gave a special attention tothe religious foundation thus he could promote a culture of peace. In his foreignpolicy, He saved the African and the Mediterranean Basin countries from thescourge of terrorism. . HOW THEY CAN MAKE PEACE IN THE WORLD: World peace is not a utopian dream -- it is within our grasp. Wars are caused by conflicting ideas on what is acceptable national behaviour. The urge to exert national will and protect perceived rights, however irrational, ... is a powerful emotion. Wars begin in the minds of men. For world peace, the upper brain must be in control World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or peoples. World peace is a Utopian idea of planetary non-violence by which nations willingly cooperate, either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance which prevents warfare. Although the term is sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals, world peace more commonly refers to a permanent end to global and regional wars with future conflicts resolved through nonviolent means |
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2014-12-01, 19:27
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رقم المشاركة : 12 | |||
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هذا هو البحث نتاعي |
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2014-12-01, 19:33
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رقم المشاركة : 13 | |||
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The people’s democratic republic of algeria Ministry of national Education Project of : nobel peace prize Preparationsectionofstudents 2.As.1: *- *- *- *- *- School year: 2014/2015 The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 95 times to 128 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2014, 103 individuals and 25 organizations. Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (in 1917, 1944 and 1963), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize two times (in 1954 and 1981), there are 22 individual organizations which have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Click on the links to get more information What is the Nobel Peace Prize: The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." The Nobel Peace Prize differs from the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine or physiology in that it may be presented not only to individuals, but also to organizations that are actively engaged in a process or effort that intends to promote world peace. The prize can be awarded for current efforts, rather than for having accomplished a goal or resolved an issue. Having been awarded since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize is considered a very astute recognition, but some past nominees and recipients have created controversy. Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939, but the nomination was retracted. Other nominees include Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Yasser Arafat. Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, as did Henry Kissinger and Mikhail Gorbachev. Due to the practice of awarding the Nobel Peace Prize based on a work in progress, it stands to reason that some recipients may seem like poor choices in hindsight; however, many recipients have been life-long promoters of peace and human rights, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and the Dalai Lama An individual or organization may be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by any qualifying individual, including former recipients, university professors, international leaders, and members of national assemblies. The list of nominees is kept private each year, and though a group or individual may later be referred to as a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, this title bears no official merit. Nominees and recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize between 1901 and 1951 are currently compiled into a database. There are those who publicly criticize the Nobel Peace Prize as being politically slanted to the left and failing to recognize true merit, but even with past controversy, the Nobel Peace Prize continues to be an astute recognition that few would decline to accept. List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (1970-2009): 2009 Barack Obama 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2007 Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. 2006 Muhammad Yunus 2005 Mohamed Elbaradei + International Atomic Energy Agency 2004 Wangari Maathai 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2002 Jimmy Carter 2001 United Nations, Kofi Annan 2000 Kim Dae-jung 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 1998 John Hume, David Trimble 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta 1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez 1986 Elie Wiesel 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1984 Desmond Tutu 1983 Lech Walesa 1982 Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1979 Mother Teresa 1978 Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin 1977 Amnesty International 1976 Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1974 Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato 1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho 1972 No Award 1971 Willy Brandt 1970 Norman Borlagu Yasser Arafat:- The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 – Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat As Qudwa al-Hussaeini was born on 24 August 1929 in Cairo, his father a textile merchant who was a Palestinian with some Egyptian ancestry, his mother from an old Palestinian family in Jerusalem. She died when Yasir, as he was called, was five years old, and he was sent to live with his maternal uncle in Jerusalem, the capital of the British Mandate of Palestine. He has revealed little about his childhood, but one of his earliest memories is of British soldiers breaking into his uncle's house after midnight, beating members of the family and smashing furniture. After four years in Jerusalem, his father brought him back to Cairo, where an older sister took care of him and his siblings. Arafat never mentions his father, who was not close to his children. Arafat did not attend his father's funeral in 1952. In Cairo, before he was seventeen Arafat was smuggling arms to Palestine to be used against the British and the Jews. At nineteen, during the war between the Jews and the Arab states, Arafat left his studies at the University of Faud I (later Cairo University) to fight against the Jews in the Gaza area. The defeat of the and the establishment of the state of Israel left him in such despair that he applied for a visa to study at the University of Texas. Recovering his spirits and retaining his dream of an independent Palestinian homeland, he returned to Faud University to major in engineering but spent most of his time as leader of the Palestinian students. He did manage to get his degree in 1956, worked briefly in Egypt, then resettled in Kuwait, first being employed in the department of public works, next successfully running his own contracting firm. He spent all his spare time in political activities, to which he contributed most of the profits. In 1958 he and his friends founded Al-Fatah, an underground network of secret cells, which in 1959 began to publish a magazine advocating armed struggle against Israel. At the end of 1964 Arafat left Kuwait to become a full-time revolutionary, organising Fatah raids into Israel from Jordan. It was also in 1964 that the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was established, under the sponsorship of the Arab League, bringing together a number of groups all working to free Palestine for the Palestinians. The Arab states favoured a more conciliatory policy than Fatah's, but after their defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Fatah emerged from the underground as the most powerful and best organised of the groups making up the PLO, took over that organisation in 1969 when Arafat became the chairman of the PLO executive committee. The PLO was no longer to be something of a puppet organisation of the Arab states, wanting to keep the Palestinians quiet, but an independent nationalist organisation, based in Jordan. Arafat developed the PLO into a state within the state of Jordan with its own military forces. King Hussein of Jordan, disturbed by its guerrilla attacks on Israel and other violent methods, eventually expelled the PLO from his country. Arafat sought to build a similar organisation in Lebanon, but this time was driven out by an Israeli military invasion. He kept the organization alive, however, by moving its headquarters to Tunis. He was a survivor himself, escaping death in an airplane crash, surviving any assassination attempts by Israeli intelligence agencies, and recovering from a serious stroke. His life was one of constant travel, moving from country to country to promote the Palestinian cause, always keeping his movements secret, as he did any details about his private life. Even his marriage to Suha Tawil, a Palestinian half his age, was kept secret for some fifteen months. She had already begun significant humanitarian activities at home, especially for disabled children, but the prominent part she took in the public events in Oslo was a surprise for many Arafat-watchers. Since then, their daughter, Zahwa, named after Arafat's mother, has been born. The period after the expulsion from Lebanon was a low time for Arafat and the PLO. Then the intifada (shaking) protest movement strengthened Arafat by directing world attention to the difficult plight of the Palestinians. In 1988 came a change of policy. In a speech at a special United Nations session held in Geneva, Switzerland, Arafat declared that the PLO renounced terrorism and supported "the right of all parties concerned in the Middle East conflict to live in peace and security, including the state of Palestine, Israel and other neighbours". The prospects for a peace agreement with Israel now brightened. After a setback when the PLO supported Iraq in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the peace process began in earnest, leading to the Oslo Accords of 1993. This agreement included provision for the Palestinian elections which took place in early 1996, and Arafat was elected President of the Palestine Authority. Like other Arab regimes in the area, however, Arafat's governing style tended to be more dictatorial than democratic. When the right-wing government of Benjamin Netanyahu came to power in Israel in 1996, the peace process slowed down considerably. Much depends upon the nature of the new Israeli government, which will result from the elections to be held in 1999. Selected Bibliography: General Corbin, Jane. The Norway Channel. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1994. By BBC reporter with good access to the negotiators. Freedman, Robert Owen, ed. Israel under Rabin. Boulder: Westview, 1995. Laqueur, Walter, and Barry Rubin, eds. The Israel-Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict. 5th rev. ed., PB, New York: Penguin, 1995. Makovsky, David. Making Peace with the P.L.O.: The Rabin Government’s Road to the Oslo Accord. Boulder: Westview, 1996. By a diplomatic correspondent with critical perspective. Includes many documents. Peleg, Ilan, ed. Middle East Peace Process: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Albany, NY: State University of N.Y. Press, 1998. Perry, Mark. A Fire in Zion. The Israeli-Palestinian Search for Peace. New York: Morrow, 1994. The background since 1988. By a well-informed journalist. Said, Edward W. Peace and Its Diss. Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Process. New York: Vintage PB, 1995. Eloquent critique of the Oslo Accords by a leading Palestinian-American intellectual. Savir, Uri. The Process: 1,100 Days That Changed the Middle East. New York: Random House 1998. Hopeful inside view by chief Israeli negotiator. Tessler, Mark. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1994. PB, scholarly and balanced. Quandt, William B. The Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1993. About Yasser Arafat Aburish, Said K. Arafat: From Defender to Dictator. New York & London: Bloomsbury Press, 1998, Critical interpretation of Arafat’s cultural background. Gowers, Andrew. Arafat. The Biography: London: Virgin Books, 1994. Revised and updated 1990 publication. Hart, Alan. Arafat: A Political Biography. rev. ed., London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1994. Sympathetic account largely dependent on many interviews with Arafat. Wallach, John & Janet. Arafat: In the Eyes of the Beholder. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1990. Since there is no biographical description of Yasser Arafat in Les Prix Nobel for 1994, this account was written by the editor of Nobel Lectures, Peace 1991-1995, published by World Scientific Publishing Co. From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1991-1995, Editor Irwin Abrams, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1999 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. The place of Arafat's birth is disputed. Besides Cairo, other sources mention Jerusalem and Gaza as his birthplace. Yasser Arafat died on Novembre 11, 2004 A list of potential candidates for Nobel Peace Prize from Algeria : Our contemporary history knows two Algerian personalities who focused their efforts to makepeace and to settle internal and external disputes. 1. Abd el Aziz Bouteflika: Born on the2nd of March 1937, in Oujda to afamily from Tlemcen. AbdelazizBouteflika joined the NationalLiberation Army (ALN) in 1956.After the independence in 1962,he became Minister for Youth andSport than Minister for ForeignAffairs until 1978. In April 1999,Bouteflika ran for the presidential elections and was electedofficially with 74% of the votes. His election seems aturning point in the civil war that started in January 1992. Mr.Abd el Aziz Bouteflika is anational hero before and after hiselection as Algeria’s president, becausehe could bring back the peace to our country. He forgave the next month ofhis election, on the occasion of Independence Day, 2300jailed terrorist and presented the National Harmony Lawwhich provide amnesty for AIS (Islamic Salvation Army)members. Moreover, he improved the relations with theother countries and he declared that the fate of WesternSahara is an Algerian and an international matter. In addition, he gave a special attention tothe religious foundation thus he could promote a culture of peace. In his foreignpolicy, He saved the African and the Mediterranean Basin countries from thescourge of terrorism. . HOW THEY CAN MAKE PEACE IN THE WORLD: World peace is not a utopian dream -- it is within our grasp. Wars are caused by conflicting ideas on what is acceptable national behaviour. The urge to exert national will and protect perceived rights, however irrational, ... is a powerful emotion. Wars begin in the minds of men. For world peace, the upper brain must be in control World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations and/or peoples. World peace is a Utopian idea of planetary non-violence by which nations willingly cooperate, either voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance which prevents warfare. Although the term is sometimes used to refer to a cessation of all hostility among all individuals, world peace more commonly refers to a permanent end to global and regional wars with future conflicts resolved through nonviolent means |
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